天体物理学和地球物理学中核测时方法的改进
To the modification of methods of nuclear chronometry in astrophysics and geophysics
摘要：
实际上，在迄今为止所有已知的核计时方法中，通常只考虑$α$ -放射性核的基态的寿命。但是，在恒星核合成过程中，以及在行星表面持续的宇宙辐射的影响下，$α$ -放射性核的激发是在进行的，在它们之间存在着激发态$α$ -粒子在母核内的状态，因此寿命要短得多。在大量的恒星、地球和流星物质内部，放射性核的不同内部条件之间的跃迁伴随着无限的$γ$ -辐射链和随后的$γ$ -衰变，对于考虑这种激发态和多个$γ$ -辐射和$γ$-辐射的$α$ -衰变演化的描述，在广义Krylov-Fock定理的基础上，提出了恒星内部和地球表面宇宙辐射影响下的引力波的量子力学方法。还提出了一些简单的估计。他们得出的结论是，通常的（未经校正的）“核钟”确实指示的不是实际值，而是恒星和行星$α$衰变过程持续时间的\emph{upper limits}。
英文摘要：
In practically all known till now methods of nuclear chronometry there were usually taken into account the life-times of only fundamental states of $α$-radioactive nuclei. But in the processes of nuclear synthesis in stars and under the influence of the constant cosmic radiation on surfaces of planets the excitations of the $α$-radioactive nuclei are going on. Between them there are the states with the excited $α$-particles inside the parent nuclei and so with much smaller life-times. And inside the large masses of stellar, terrestrial and meteoric substances the transitions between different internal conditions of radioactive nuclei are accompanied by infinite chains of the $γ$-radiations with the subsequent $γ$-absorptions, the further $γ$-radiations etc. For the description of the $α$-decay evolution with considering of such excited states and multiple $γ$-radiations and $γ$-absorptions inside stars and under the influence of the cosmic radiation on the earth surface we present the quantum-mechanical approach, which is based on the generalized Krylov-Fock theorem. Some simple estimations are also presented. They bring to the conclusion that the usual (non-corrected) "nuclear clocks" do really indicate not to realistic values but to the \emph{upper limits} of the durations of the $α$-decay stellar and planet processes.
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