大质量恒星在宇宙历史中的演化
Evolution of Massive Stars along the Cosmic History
摘要：
大质量恒星是“宇宙引擎”（参见IAU Symposium 250的标题）。它们驱动星系的光度和化学演化，通过恒星风和超新星爆炸注入能量和动量，它们以这种方式改变星际气体的物理状态，并对恒星形成产生影响。大质量恒星的演化敏感地依赖于金属丰度，它对线驱动恒星风的强度和旋转混合有影响。我们可以区分四种金属丰度区域：1.波普三世政权$0 \le Z < \sim 10^{-10}$ ; 2.-低金属量方案$10^{-10} \le Z < 0.001$ ; 3.-近太阳金属丰度区$0.001 \le Z < 0.020$ ; 4.-高金属量方案$0.020 \le Z$。在每一个金属丰度范围内，都会发生一些特定的物理过程。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论这些物理过程及其对核合成和星系中大质量恒星种群的影响。我们将主要集中在轴向旋转和质量损失的影响，由线驱动的风，虽然当然其他过程，如二元性，磁场，运输过程的内波也可能发挥重要作用。
英文摘要：
Massive stars are "cosmic engines" (cf the title of the IAU Symposium 250). They drive the photometric and chemical evolution of galaxies, inject energy and momentum through stellar winds and supernova explosions, they modify in this way the physical state of the interstellar gas and have an impact on star formation. The evolution of massive stars depends sensitively on the metallicity which has an impact on the intensity of the line driven stellar winds and on rotational mixing. We can distinguish four metallicity regimes: 1.- the Pop III regime $0 \le Z < \sim 10^{-10}$; 2.- The low metallicity regime $10^{-10} \le Z < 0.001$; 3.- The near solar metallicity regime $0.001 \le Z < 0.020$; 4.- The high metallicity regime $0.020 \le Z$. In each of these metallicity ranges, some specific physical processes occur. In this review we shall discuss these physical processes and their consequences for nucleosynthesis and the massive star populations in galaxies. We shall mainly focus on the effects of axial rotation and mass loss by line driven winds, although of course other processes like binarity, magnetic fields, transport processes by internal waves may also play important roles.
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