Angular Momentum与恒星和黑洞的形成
Angular Momentum and the Formation of Stars and Black Holes
摘要：
像恒星和黑洞这样的致密物体的形成受到严格的限制，因为在形成过程中，它们所形成的扩散物质的几乎所有初始角动量都必须被去除或重新分配。可能涉及的机制及其影响进行了讨论（1）低质量的恒星，其中大部分可能形成的双星或多系统;（2）大质量的恒星，通常形成的集群;（3）超大质量黑洞，形成在星系核。这表明，在所有情况下，与其他恒星的引力相互作用或形成系统中的质量集中在重新分配角动量，从而使一个紧凑的物体的形成发挥了重要作用。如果这是真的，那么恒星和黑洞的形成一定是一个比标准模型中更为复杂、动态和混乱的过程。重新分配角动量的引力相互作用倾向于将形成中的物体的质量耦合到系统的质量，这可能对双星的质量比，星团中的上层恒星IMF以及星系中超大质量黑洞的质量具有重要意义。
英文摘要：
The formation of compact objects like stars and black holes is strongly constrained by the requirement that nearly all of the initial angular momentum of the diffuse material from which they form must be removed or redistributed during the formation process. The mechanisms that may be involved and their implications are discussed for (1) low-mass stars, most of which probably form in binary or multiple systems; (2) massive stars, which typically form in clusters; and (3) supermassive black holes that form in galactic nuclei. It is suggested that in all cases, gravitational interactions with other stars or mass concentrations in a forming system play an important role in redistributing angular momentum and thereby enabling the formation of a compact object. If this is true, the formation of stars and black holes must be a more complex, dynamic, and chaotic process than in standard models. The gravitational interactions that redistribute angular momentum tend to couple the mass of a forming object to the mass of the system, and this may have important implications for mass ratios in binaries, the upper stellar IMF in clusters, and the masses of supermassive black holes in galaxies.
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