Sgr A* 中的时差：关于Milky Way中心黑洞的大小和时间测量告诉我们什么
Jet-lag in Sgr A*: What size and timing measurements tell us about the central black hole in the Milky Way
摘要：
银河系中心的黑洞，Sgr A*，是处于非常低的活动水平的星系核的原型。它的无线电通过亚毫米波发射已知来自接近事件视界的区域，然而，发射源仍在争论中。一个成功的理论解释的排放是基于一个相对论性喷流模型缩小从强大的类星体。我们想测试这个建立的喷流模型的预测能力对新的可用测量波长依赖的时间滞后和Sgr A* 的尺寸-波长结构。利用所有可用的封闭振幅VLBI数据从不同的群体，我们再次推导出的固有波长依赖的大小的Sgr A*。这使我们能够计算出无线电耀斑的预期频率依赖的时间滞后，假设一系列的流入和流出速度。此外，我们计算了在以前发表的压力驱动射流模型中预期的时间滞后。然后将预测的滞后与22、43和350 GHz的无线电监测观测结果进行比较。时间滞后和尺寸测量的组合意味着一个温和的相对论外流与整体外流速度的伽玛 * β ~ 0.5-2。新测得的时间滞后再现射流模型没有任何重大的微调。结果进一步加强了Sgr A* 中厘米至毫米波射电辐射来自轻度相对论性喷流样外流的情况。射电时间滞后和VLBI闭合振幅测量的组合是评估Sgr A* 中的流速和方向的一种强有力的新工具。未来在一定波长范围内的VLBI和时间滞后测量将揭示更多关于Sgr A* 的信息，例如喷嘴的存在，并首次测量发射点附近相对论性喷流的详细速度结构。
英文摘要：
The black hole at the Galactic Center, Sgr A*, is the prototype of a galactic nucleus at a very low level of activity. Its radio through submm-wave emission is known to come from a region close to the event horizon, however, the source of the emission is still under debate. A successful theory explaining the emission is based on a relativistic jet model scaled down from powerful quasars. We want to test the predictive power of this established jet model against newly available measurements of wavelength-dependent time lags and the size-wavelength structure in Sgr A*. Using all available closure amplitude VLBI data from different groups, we again derived the intrinsic wavelength-dependent size of Sgr A*. This allowed us to calculate the expected frequency-dependent time lags of radio flares, assuming a range of in- and outflow velocities. Moreover, we calculated the time lags expected in the previously published pressure-driven jet model. The predicted lags are then compared to radio monitoring observations at 22, 43, and 350 GHz. The combination of time lags and size measurements imply a mildly relativistic outflow with bulk outflow speeds of gamma*beta ~ 0.5-2. The newly measured time lags are reproduced well by the jet model without any major fine tuning. The results further strengthen the case for the cm-to-mm wave radio emission in Sgr A* as coming from a mildly relativistic jet-like outflow. The combination of radio time lag and VLBI closure amplitude measurements is a powerful new tool for assessing the flow speed and direction in Sgr A*. Future VLBI and time lag measurements over a range of wavelengths will reveal more information about Sgr A*, such as the existence of a jet nozzle, and measure the detailed velocity structure of a relativistic jet near its launching point for the first time.
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