书面语中的普遍复杂结构
Universal Complex Structures in Written Language
摘要：
定量语言学为我们提供了一些经验法则，解释了语言的演变和语言之间的竞争。在语言使用方面，最有影响力的结果之一是齐普夫的词频定律。齐普夫定律似乎是普遍的，甚至可能不是人类语言所独有的。然而，Zipf定律是否是复杂性的良好指标一直存在争议。在这里，我们提出了一种替代方法，把齐普夫定律的关键现象（在物理学中的复杂性的基石）的背景下，并建立了一个大规模的“吸引力”连续重复的话之间的存在。此外，这种现象是尺度不变的和普遍的-模式是独立的词频和观察文本由不同的作者和写在不同的语言。然而，有证据表明，对于在文本中发挥关键作用的单词，缩放关系的形状会发生变化，这意味着单词重复中存在不同的“普遍性类”。这些行为与复杂的灾难现象有着惊人的相似之处。
英文摘要：
Quantitative linguistics has provided us with a number of empirical laws that characterise the evolution of languages and competition amongst them. In terms of language usage, one of the most influential results is Zipf's law of word frequencies. Zipf's law appears to be universal, and may not even be unique to human language. However, there is ongoing controversy over whether Zipf's law is a good indicator of complexity. Here we present an alternative approach that puts Zipf's law in the context of critical phenomena (the cornerstone of complexity in physics) and establishes the presence of a large scale "attraction" between successive repetitions of words. Moreover, this phenomenon is scale-invariant and universal -- the pattern is independent of word frequency and is observed in texts by different authors and written in different languages. There is evidence, however, that the shape of the scaling relation changes for words that play a key role in the text, implying the existence of different "universality classes" in the repetition of words. These behaviours exhibit striking parallels with complex catastrophic phenomena.
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