为什么海豚在亚速尔群岛形成混合物种协会？
Why do dolphins form mixed-species associations in the Azores ?
摘要：
混合物种协会是不同物种的个体之间的临时协会，经常在鸟类，灵长类动物和鲸目动物中观察到。它们被解释为一种策略，以减少捕食风险，提高觅食成功率和/或提供社会优势。在亚速尔群岛，四种海豚通常参与混合物种协会：普通海豚，海豚〈动物〉<动物>，海豚，Tursiops truncatus，条纹海豚，Stenella coeruleoalba和斑点海豚，Stenella frontalis。为了了解海豚交往的原因，我们分析了自1999年以来由研究科学家和训练有素的观察员在渔船上收集的现场数据。在5720次目击事件中，总共观察到113个混合物种组。的时间分布，栖息地（水深，距离海岸），行为（即喂养，旅行，社会化），大小和组成的混合物种组与单物种组进行了比较。研究结果不支持捕食回避假说，也不支持社会优势假说。觅食优势假说是最有说服力的。然而，混合物种协会的好处似乎取决于物种。协会可能是机会主义的较大的海豚，而似乎有一些进化的限制有利于协会在罕见的条纹海豚。与以往的研究表明，混合物种群体的形成取决于几个环境因素，因此可能构成一种适应性反应。
英文摘要：
Mixed-species associations are temporary associations between individuals of different species that are often observed in birds, primates and cetaceans. They have been interpreted as a strategy to reduce predation risk, enhance foraging success and/or provide a social advantage. In the archipelago of the Azores, four species of dolphins are commonly involved in mixed-species associations: the common dolphin, Delphinus delphis, the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, the striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba, and the spotted dolphin, Stenella frontalis. In order to understand the reasons why dolphins associate, we analysed field data collected since 1999 by research scientists and trained observers placed onboard fishing vessels. In total, 113 mixed-species groups were observed out of 5720 sightings. The temporal distribution, habitat (water depth, distance to the coast), behaviour (i.e. feeding, travelling, socializing), size and composition of mixed-species groups were compared with those of single-species groups. Results did not support the predation avoidance hypothesis and gave little support to the social advantage hypothesis. The foraging advantage hypothesis was the most convincing. However, the benefits of mixed-species associations appeared to depend on the species. Associations were likely to be opportunistic in the larger bottlenose dolphin, while there seemed to be some evolutionary constraints favouring associations in the rarer striped dolphin. Comparison with previous studies suggests that the formation of mixed-species groups depends on several environmental factors, and therefore may constitute an adaptive response.
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