由非相对论喷流驱动的红超巨星中的非球形核坍缩超新星
Aspherical Core-Collapse Supernovae in Red Supergiants Powered by Nonrelativistic Jets
摘要：
我们通过模拟红超巨星前身中的双极喷流驱动爆炸来探索喷流驱动超新星的观测特征。我们提出了四个模型的结果，其中我们在一个恒定的$10^{51}$尔格在所有的射流模型，但不同的射流的具体特征，以探索影响的性质的喷流的超新星喷出物的结构。我们将爆炸演化为激波爆发，并将超新星包层的准同系膨胀演化为红超巨星风。相反方向的，富镍喷流给出了一个大规模的不对称性，可以解释非球形激发和谱线的子结构，如H $α$和He I 10830 Xe。具有大部分动能的喷流以热能穿透原始包层，并引起爆炸，这在最早的时期被观察到是不对称的，与II型超新星的分光偏振测量不一致。具有较高热能分数的射流导致爆炸，其在大半径处大致为球形，但在较小半径处显著拉长，在喷出物内部深处，与偏振观测一致。我们目前的冲击爆发光变曲线表明，强烈的非球面冲击爆发是不兼容的最近{ \it GALEX}观测的冲击爆发的红超巨星。与观测结果的比较表明，射流必须有效地沉积其动能整个喷出物，而在氢信封。热能占主导地位的喷流满足这一标准，并产生了许多第二类超新星的观测特征。
英文摘要：
We explore the observational characteristics of jet-driven supernovae by simulating bipolar-jet-driven explosions in a red supergiant progenitor. We present results of four models in which we hold the injected kinetic energy at a constant $10^{51}$ ergs across all jet models but vary the specific characteristics of the jets to explore the influence of the nature of jets on the structure of the supernova ejecta. We evolve the explosions past shock-breakout and into quasi-homologous expansion of the supernova envelope into a red supergiant wind. The oppositely-directed, nickel-rich jets give a large-scale asymmetry that may account for the non-spherical excitation and substructure of spectral lines such as H$α$ and He I 10830Å. Jets with a large fraction of kinetic to thermal energy punch through the progenitor envelope and give rise to explosions that would be observed to be asymmetric from the earliest epochs, inconsistent with spectropolarimetric measurements of Type II supernovae. Jets with higher thermal energy fractions result in explosions that are roughly spherical at large radii but are significantly elongated at smaller radii, deep inside the ejecta, in agreement with the polarimetric observations. We present shock breakout light curves that indicate that strongly aspherical shock breakouts are incompatible with recent {\it GALEX} observations of shock breakout from red supergiant stars. Comparison with observations indicates that jets must deposit their kinetic energy efficiently throughout the ejecta while in the hydrogen envelope. Thermal energy-dominated jets satisfy this criterion and yield many of the observational characteristics of Type II supernovae.
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