从变电磁辐射鉴别衰变超大质量黑洞双星
Identifying Decaying Supermassive Black Hole Binaries from their Variable Electromagnetic Emission
摘要：
质量在10^4-10^7 M_sun/（1+z）之间的超大质量黑洞双星（SMBHB）是在星系合并过程中产生的，并被认为是通过发射引力波（GW）完成合并的。LISA对GWs的预期探测将成为基础物理学和天体物理学的里程碑。虽然GW签名本身将提供一个信息宝库，但如果可以在电磁（EM）波段中安全地识别源，这将开辟全新的科学机会，以探索基础物理学，天体物理学和宇宙学。我们讨论了几个想法，涉及宽视场望远镜，这可能是有用的定位电磁对应的SMBHB检测LISA。特别是，双星可能会产生一个可变的电磁通量，例如由于合并之前的轨道运动而产生的大致周期性的信号，或者当SMBHB反冲并“摇动”圆盘时，由环双星圆盘中的冲击引起的瞬时信号。我们讨论这些随时间变化的EM签名是否可以检测到，以及它们如何帮助识别LISA提供的定位误差内的唯一对应物。我们还讨论了一种可能性，确定人口的合并SMBHB统计，在深光学调查周期性变化的来源，LISA直接检测到的GW之前。这些来源的发现将证实气体存在于附近，并受到SMBHB的干扰-作为最终找到实际LISA对应物的概念证明。
英文摘要：
Supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) with masses in the range 10^4-10^7 M_sun/(1+z), produced in galaxy mergers, are thought to complete their coalescence due to the emission of gravitational waves (GWs). The anticipated detection of the GWs by the LISA will constitute a milestone for fundamental physics and astrophysics. While the GW signatures themselves will provide a treasure trove of information, if the source can be securely identified in electromagnetic (EM) bands, this would open up entirely new scientific opportunities, to probe fundamental physics, astrophysics, and cosmology. We discuss several ideas, involving wide-field telescopes, that may be useful in locating electromagnetic counterparts to SMBHBs detected by LISA. In particular, the binary may produce a variable electromagnetic flux, such as a roughly periodic signal due to the orbital motion prior to coalescence, or a prompt transient signal caused by shocks in the circumbinary disk when the SMBHB recoils and "shakes" the disk. We discuss whether these time-variable EM signatures may be detectable, and how they can help in identifying a unique counterpart within the localization errors provided by LISA. We also discuss a possibility of identifying a population of coalescing SMBHBs statistically, in a deep optical survey for periodically variable sources, before LISA detects the GWs directly. The discovery of such sources would confirm that gas is present in the vicinity and is being perturbed by the SMBHB - serving as a proof of concept for eventually finding actual LISA counterparts.
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