arXiv 0811.12772008-11-08astro-phhep-phhep-th

宇宙弦

Cosmic Strings

A. Achucarro, C. J. A. P. Martins

备注：: Draft version, submitted 1 February 2008. This is a contribution to be published in Meyers, Robert (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science, Springer New York (Spring 2009)

摘要：

宇宙弦是能量的线性集中，每当早期宇宙的相变打破轴对称时，就会形成，正如Kibble最初所展示的那样。它们是负责基本粒子及其相互作用的量子场中的秩序受挫的结果。大约二十年来，他们研究的动机是他们可能是导致宇宙中观察到的大尺度结构的密度不均匀性的背后。精确的观测，特别是对宇宙微波背景辐射的观测，限制了弦在结构形成中的次主导作用。最近，随着人们意识到场论宇宙弦和基本弦之间可能存在着强联系，人们的兴趣又重新燃起。后者被认为是物质的最终组成部分，在超弦理论的最初背景下，它们被认为是微观的。然而，在它的现代版本-有时被称为M理论-它是可能的，甚至是强制性的宏观（宇宙大小的）基本弦。

英文摘要：

Cosmic strings are linear concentrations of energy that form whenever phase transitions in the early universe break axial symmetries as originally shown by Kibble. They are the result of frustrated order in the quantum fields responsible for elementary particles and their interactions. For about two decades, motivation for their study was provided by the possibility that they could be behind the density inhomogeneities that led to the observed large-scale structures in the universe. Precision observations, particularly of the cosmic microwave background radiation, have limited strings to a sub-dominant role in structure formation. More recently, interest has been revived with the realization that there may be strong links between field theory cosmic strings and fundamental strings. The latter are the supposed ultimate building blocks of matter, and in their original context of superstring theory were thought to be microscopic. However, in its modern version---sometimes referred to as M-theory---it is possible and perhaps even mandatory to have macroscopic (cosmological-sized) fundamental strings...

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英文摘要：

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