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arXiv 0811.0487astro-ph
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热的大质量恒星的质量损失

Mass loss from hot massive stars

J. Puls, J. S. Vink, F. Najarro

摘要:

质量损失是大质量恒星演化的一个关键过程,必须定量地理解,才能成功地应用于更广泛的天体物理学。在这篇综述中,我们讨论了辐射驱动的质量损失的各个方面,从理论和观测方面。我们专注于从OB星的风,与一些游览的发光蓝变星,沃尔夫-拉叶星,A-超巨星和中央恒星的行星状星云。在简要介绍了线驱动风的一维定常标准模型后,讨论了考虑旋转和磁场的推广。所谓的双稳态跳跃的相关性进行了概述。我们总结了从观测资料中推断风特性的诊断方法,并将结果与理论预测进行了比较,其特点是质量损失-金属丰度依赖性。随后,我们集中在两个紧迫的问题,挑战我们目前的理解辐射驱动的风:弱风和风丛。我们讨论了测量质量损失率从弱风和近红外光谱的潜力的问题。风聚集有严重的影响,观测诊断的解释,推导出的质量损失率可以高估的因素2至10,如果聚集被忽略,我们描述了正在进行的尝试,以允许更统一的结果。我们指出,独立的论点,从恒星演化赞成适度减少目前的质量损失率。我们还考虑了更大尺度的风结构,解释在同向旋转相互作用的区域,并完成这篇评论与讨论的X射线线发射的大质量恒星的最新进展,突出到多远的分析,这样的X射线线发射可以提供进一步的线索,关于风聚集的充分描述。(摘要摘要)

英文摘要:

Mass loss is a key process in the evolution of massive stars, and must be understood quantitatively to be successfully included in broader astrophysical applications. In this review, we discuss various aspects of radiation driven mass loss, both from the theoretical and the observational side. We focus on winds from OB-stars, with some excursions to the Luminous Blue Variables, Wolf- Rayet stars, A-supergiants and Central Stars of Planetary Nebulae. After reca- pitulating the 1-D, stationary standard model of line-driven wind, extensions accounting for rotation and magnetic fields are discussed. The relevance of the so-called bi-stability jump is outlined. We summarize diagnostical methods to infer wind properties from observations, and compare the results with theore- tical predictions, featuring the massloss-metallicity dependence. Subsequently, we concentrate on two urgent problems which challenge our present understanding of radiation driven winds: weak winds and wind- clumping. We discuss problems of measuring mass-loss rates from weak winds and the potential of NIR- spectroscopy. Wind-clumping has severe implications for the interpretation of observational diagnostics, as derived mass-loss rates can be overestimated by factors of 2 to 10 if clumping is ignored, and we describe ongoing attempts to allow for more uniform results. We point out that independent arguments from stellar evolution favor a moderate reduction of present- day mass-loss rates. We also consider larger scale wind structure, interpreted in terms of co-rotating interacting regions, and complete this review with a discussion of recent progress on the X-ray line emission from massive stars, highlighting as to how far the analysis of such X-ray line emission can give further clues regarding an adequate description of wind clumping. (Abridged abstract)

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