细胞极化过程的普遍特征
Universal features of cell polarization processes
摘要：
细胞极化在复杂生物体的发育中起着核心作用。最近的研究表明，细胞极化可能是由化学反应的网络中的相分离不稳定性引起的。一个已经被彻底研究的例子是真核细胞趋化过程中信号结构域的形成。在这种情况下，域增长的过程可以通过使用受约束的时间依赖的朗道-金兹伯格方程来描述，允许尺度不变的解决方案{ \textit{à la} } Lifshitz和Slyozov。这里的约束结果从细胞溶质，非活性状态和膜结合，活性状态之间的分子的快速循环的机制，其动态地调整膜结合的化学势的值对应于细胞膜上的不同相的共存。我们在这里提供了一个通用的描述，这个过程中存在和不存在的梯度在外部激活场。通用的幂律推导出的细胞在趋化梯度中，并为最小的可检测梯度的值所需的时间。我们还描述了一个具体的实现，我们的计划的基础上分析可用的生化和生物物理数据。
英文摘要：
Cell polarization plays a central role in the development of complex organisms. It has been recently shown that cell polarization may follow from the proximity to a phase separation instability in a bistable network of chemical reactions. An example which has been thoroughly studied is the formation of signaling domains during eukaryotic chemotaxis. In this case, the process of domain growth may be described by the use of a constrained time-dependent Landau-Ginzburg equation, admitting scale-invariant solutions {\textit{à la}} Lifshitz and Slyozov. The constraint results here from a mechanism of fast cycling of molecules between a cytosolic, inactive state and a membrane-bound, active state, which dynamically tunes the chemical potential for membrane binding to a value corresponding to the coexistence of different phases on the cell membrane. We provide here a universal description of this process both in the presence and absence of a gradient in the external activation field. Universal power laws are derived for the time needed for the cell to polarize in a chemotactic gradient, and for the value of the smallest detectable gradient. We also describe a concrete realization of our scheme based on the analysis of available biochemical and biophysical data.
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