将天文学引入神学：艾萨克·牛顿爵士关于基督受难日的论述
Stirring Astronomy into Theology: Sir Isaac Newton on the Date of the Passion of Christ
摘要：
众所周知，艾萨克·牛顿爵士在他死后出版的《但以理预言和圣约翰启示录》（1733年）中提出了基督受难的日期。什么是不知道的是，第一次尝试找到该日期是在早期的他的生活。耶路撒冷的犹太国家和大学图书馆包含两个未注明日期的拉丁文草稿，标题相同，“确定复活节的规则”，归类为Yahuda MS 24 E。早期的草稿多次提到几乎被遗忘的《De Annis Christi》（1649年），这本书是由17世纪丹麦天文学家和神学家维勒姆·兰格（Villum Lange）撰写的，他可能是牛顿在犹太历法传统方面的第一位导师。第二稿不仅显示了牛顿对迈蒙尼德的第一次月球可见性理论的熟悉，而且还显示了他试图通过引入不同的、更实用的参数来简化后者的标准。这些在1673年的书中公布的“天文学练习”很可能是作为尼古拉斯·墨卡托1676年的书的附录出现的。Yahuda 24 E的两份草稿都包含了一张30-37年的太阳和月亮位置的天文表，牛顿用它来确定耶稣受难的年份和日期。天文数据来自1651年的《Harmonicon Coeleste》或1669年的《Astronomia Britannica》，作者是文森特·温，一位半被遗忘的十七世纪天文学家。这使得Yahuda 24 E成为牛顿最早的草稿之一，可能写于1669-73年，当然不晚于1683/4年。比较Yahuda 24 E的两个草稿可以看出，在后一个草稿中，牛顿将他的效忠对象从圣约翰的受难年表改为对观福音书中的年表。
英文摘要：
It is known that Sir Isaac Newton suggested a date for the Passion of Christ in the posthumously published "Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John" (1733). What was not known is that the first attempts to find that date were made during the early period of his life. The Jewish National and University Library in Jerusalem contains two undated drafts in Latin under the same title, "Rules for the Determination of Easter", grouped as Yahuda MS 24E. The earlier draft contains multiple references to the virtually forgotten "De Annis Christi" (1649), written by Villum Lange, the 17th century Danish astronomer and theologian, who might have been Newton's first mentor on the Jewish calendar tradition. The second draft shows not only Newton's close acquaintance with Maimonides' theory of first lunar visibility, but also his attempt to simplify the latter's criteria by introducing different, more practical parameters. These "astronomical exercises", announced in a 1673 book, were likely intended to appear as an appendix to Nicholas Mercator's 1676 book. Both of Yahuda 24E's drafts contain an astronomical table with the solar and lunar positions for years 30-37, which Newton used to decide on the year and date of the Passion. The astronomical data comes from either 1651 "Harmonicon Coeleste" or 1669 "Astronomia Britannica" by Vincent Wing, a semi-forgotten astronomer of the seventeenth century. This makes Yahuda 24E one of the earliest of Newton's drafts, likely written in 1669-73 and certainly not later than 1683/4. A comparison of the two drafts of Yahuda 24E shows that in the later one, Newton changed his allegiance from St. John's chronology of the Passion to that shown in the synoptic gospels.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
