用五兆吨中微子探测器研究地核坍缩天体物理学
Core-Collapse Astrophysics with a Five-Megaton Neutrino Detector
摘要：
太阳中微子的遗产表明，大型中微子探测器应该设在地下。然而，相反，进入水下绕过了移动山脉的需要，允许更大的水切伦科夫探测器。我们表明，达到探测器的质量尺度约5兆吨，拟议的深TITAND的大小，将允许观测中微子的“迷你爆发”从超新星在附近的星系在大约每年的基础上，我们开发的直接定性和定量的后果。重要的是，这些小爆发将在背景上被检测到，而不需要超新星的光学证据，保证了时域MeV中微子天文学的开始。能够在第二秒内识别本地宇宙中的每个核心坍缩，将允许在~5 Mpc范围内对所有恒星进行连续的“死亡观察”，使许多以前不可能的任务在探测罕见的结果和改进多波长/多粒子观测和分析的协调方面变得实用。这些能力包括迅速发现否则看不见的黑洞形成，为超新星冲击爆发搜索提供预先警告，为引力波搜索定义严格的时间窗口，以及通过未检测到中微子来识别“超新星冒名顶替者”。对许多超新星的观测，即使探测到的中微子数量很少，也将有助于回答有关超新星的问题，这些问题无法用银河系中的一个高统计事件来解决。
英文摘要：
The legacy of solar neutrinos suggests that large neutrino detectors should be sited underground. However, to instead go underwater bypasses the need to move mountains, allowing much larger water Cherenkov detectors. We show that reaching a detector mass scale of ~5 Megatons, the size of the proposed Deep-TITAND, would permit observations of neutrino "mini-bursts" from supernovae in nearby galaxies on a roughly yearly basis, and we develop the immediate qualitative and quantitative consequences. Importantly, these mini-bursts would be detected over backgrounds without the need for optical evidence of the supernova, guaranteeing the beginning of time-domain MeV neutrino astronomy. The ability to identify, to the second, every core collapse in the local Universe would allow a continuous "death watch" of all stars within ~5 Mpc, making practical many previously-impossible tasks in probing rare outcomes and refining coordination of multi-wavelength/multi-particle observations and analysis. These include the abilities to promptly detect otherwise-invisible prompt black hole formation, provide advance warning for supernova shock-breakout searches, define tight time windows for gravitational-wave searches, and identify "supernova impostors" by the non-detection of neutrinos. Observations of many supernovae, even with low numbers of detected neutrinos, will help answer questions about supernovae that cannot be resolved with a single high-statistics event in the Milky Way.
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