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arXiv 0810.1867astro-ph
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低金属量恒星形成五、初始条件比金属丰度更重要

Star Formation at Very Low Metallicity. V. The Greater Importance of Initial Conditions Compared to Metallicity Thresholds

A. -K. Jappsen, M. -M. Mac Low, S. C. O. Glover, R. S. Klessen, S. Kitsionas

摘要:

第一批恒星是由不含金属的气体形成的,这似乎导致恒星的质量比现在的情况至少大一个数量级。我们在这里考虑是什么控制着从原始到现代的初始质量函数的转变。已经提出,当在Z/Z_sun > 10^{-3.5}的金属丰度阈值处发生有效金属线冷却时,会发生这种情况。我们研究的影响,低水平的金属富集的冷却和崩溃的初始电离气体在小原星系晕使用三维,平滑粒子流体动力学模拟粒子分裂。我们的初始条件代表原星系内形成的一个先前电离的H ii区域,尚未有时间冷却和重组。这与预测金属丰度阈值的模拟结果有很大不同,在模拟中,气体最初是冷的,只有部分电离。在中心凝聚势,我们在这里研究,各种各样的初始条件的气体产生一个整体的中心崩溃。我们的模型显示,在数密度高达10^5 cm^{-3}的坍缩过程中没有碎裂,在一个旋转的情况下,金属丰度高达10^{-1} Z_sun,远高于以前工作提出的阈值。旋转允许在当地哈勃时间的大部分时间内形成引力稳定的气体盘。湍流稍微减慢了中心密度的增长,但是球对称和湍流初始条件都崩溃并形成单个下沉粒子。因此,我们认为,在中等密度的碎片取决于恒星形成的初始条件比金属丰度本。

英文摘要:

The formation of the first stars out of metal-free gas appears to result in stars at least an order of magnitude more massive than in the present-day case. We here consider what controls the transition from a primordial to a modern initial mass function. It has been proposed that this occurs when effective metal line cooling occurs at a metallicity threshold of Z/Z_sun > 10^{-3.5}. We study the influence of low levels of metal enrichment on the cooling and collapse of initially ionized gas in small protogalactic halos using three-dimensional, smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations with particle splitting. Our initial conditions represent protogalaxies forming within a previously ionized H ii region that has not yet had time to cool and recombine. These differ considerably from those used in simulations predicting a metallicity threshold, where the gas was initially cold and only partially ionized. In the centrally condensed potential that we study here, a wide variety of initial conditions for the gas yield a monolithic central collapse. Our models show no fragmentation during collapse to number densities as high as 10^5 cm^{-3}, for metallicities reaching as high as 10^{-1} Z_sun in one rotating case, far above the threshold suggested by previous work. Rotation allows for the formation of gravitationally stable gas disks over large fractions of the local Hubble time. Turbulence slows the growth of the central density slightly, but both spherically symmetric and turbulent initial conditions collapse and form a single sink particle. We therefore argue that fragmentation at moderate density depends on the initial conditions for star formation more than on the metal abundances present.

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