宗教进化多样化的模式
A model for the evolutionary diversification of religions
摘要：
我们通过研究殖民人类宿主的文化模因的选择来解决宗教多样化的问题。与研究病原体或共生体在动物宿主中的进化类似，我们使用理论流行病学中已知的宿主-病原体动力学模型。在这些模型中，宗教迷因殖民了人类个体。模因在人类之间的传播率，即，文化内容的传播和模因的丢失率（信仰的丢失）由文化模因的表型和携带不同模因的宿主之间的相互作用决定。特别是，基于一旦宗教社会达到一定规模，宗教就会导致对下层阶级的压迫的概念，我们假设随着被特定模因表型殖民的人类数量的增加，损失率也会增加。这产生了频率依赖的文化模因的选择，我们用进化理论表明，这种频率依赖性可以产生不同类型的模因共存集群的出现。不同的集群对应着不同的宗教，因此我们的模型描述了从单一的祖先宗教中出现不同的后代宗教。
英文摘要：
We address the problem of diversification in religions by studying selection on cultural memes that colonize humans hosts. In analogy to studying the evolution of pathogens or symbionts colonizing animal hosts, we use models for host-pathogen dynamics known from theoretical epidemiology. In these models, religious memes colonize individual humans. Rates of transmission of memes between humans, i.e., transmission of cultural content, and rates of loss of memes (loss of faith) are determined by the phenotype of the cultural memes, and by interactions between hosts carrying different memes. In particular, based on the notion that religion can lead to oppression of lower classes once a religious society has reached a certain size, we assume that the rate of loss increases as the number of humans colonized by a particular meme phenotype increases. This generates frequency-dependent selection on cultural memes, and we use evolutionary theory to show that this frequency dependence can generate the emergence of coexisting clusters of different meme types. The different clusters correspond to different religions, and hence our model describes the emergence of distinct descendent religions from single ancestral religions.
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