High spectral resolution X-ray observations of CTTSs demonstrate the presence of plasma at T~2-3X10^6 K and n_e~10^11-10^13 cm^-3, unobserved in non-accreting stars. Stationary models suggest that this emission is due to shock-heated accreting material, but they do not allow to analyze the stability of such material and its position in the stellar atmosphere. We investigate the dynamics and the stability of shock-heated accreting material in CTTSs and the role of the stellar chromosphere in determining the position and the thickness of the shocked region. We perform 1-D HD simulations of the impact of the accretion flow onto chromosphere of a CTTS, including the effects of gravity, radiative losses from optically thin plasma, thermal conduction and a well tested detailed model of the stellar chromosphere. Here we present the results of a simulation based on the parameters of the CTTS MP Mus. We find that the accretion shock generates an hot slab of material above the chromosphere with a maximum thickness of 1.8X10^9 cm, density n_e~10^11-10^2 cm^-3, temperature T~3X10^6 K and uniform pressure equal to the ram pressure of the accretion flow (~450 dyn cm^-2). The base of the shocked region penetrates the chromosphere and stays where the ram pressure is equal to the thermal pressure. The system evolves with quasi-periodic instabilities of the material in the slab leading to cyclic disappearance and re-formation of the slab. For an accretion rate of ~10^-10 M_sun yr^-1, the shocked region emits a time-averaged X-ray luminosity L_X~7X10^29 erg s^-1, which is comparable to the X-ray luminosity observed in CTTSs of the same mass. Furthermore, the X-ray spectrum synthesized from the simulation matches in detail all the main features of the O VIII and O VII lines of the star MP Mus.
On the origin of continuum and line emission in CTTSs
利用偶极磁场作用下年轻恒星吸积盘的三维MHD模拟结果,计算了CIV 1550、Si IV 1400、NV 1240和OVI 1035等四种双态线的剖面。我们的计算似乎不能再现CTTS光谱中观察到的这些谱线(HST/GHRS-STIS和FUSE)的轮廓。我们还发现,该理论预测更大的C IV 1550线通量比观察到的(高达两个数量级,在某些情况下),并认为,在CTTS的吸积能量的主要部分是解放外吸积冲击。我们认为理论与观测不一致的原因是CTTS表面附近磁场的强非偶极特性。
On the Hydrodynamic Interaction of Shock Waves with Interstellar Clouds. II. The Effect of Smooth Cloud Boundaries on Cloud Destruction and Cloud Turbulence
Three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of asymmetric pulsar wind bow shocks
我们提出了三维的,非相对论的,在脉冲星风星云的弓形激波的流体动力学模拟。模拟进行了一系列的初始和边界条件,以量化的纬度变化的脉冲星风的动量通量,辐射冷却的postshock流,和密度梯度的星际介质(ISM)所产生的不对称程度。我们发现,弓激波是稳定的,即使当旅行通过一个强大的ISM梯度。我们演示了弓激波的形状如何变化时,脉冲星遇到密度变化的ISM。我们发现密度壁可以解释PSR J2124-3358和PSR B 0740 -28周围星云的特殊弓形激波形状。壁在激波中产生扭结,而平滑的ISM密度梯度使激波倾斜。我们的结论是,风动量通量的各向异性单独不能解释所观察到的弓形激波形态,而是需要考虑到外部影响。我们表明,解析(单层,薄壳)解决方案是一个很好的近似时,动量通量是各向异性的,失败的一个陡峭的ISM密度梯度,并approaches有效冷却的数值解。我们提供了一个真空偶极子风和相关的冲击形状的纬度依赖性的解析表达式,并比较结果的分裂-偶极子风。我们发现,我们无法区分这两个风模型纯粹从弓形激波形态。
Artificial viscosity is needed in Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics to prevent interparticle penetration, to allow shocks to form and to damp post shock oscillations. Artificial viscosity may, however, lead to problems such as unwanted heating and unphysical solutions. A modification of the standard artificial viscosity recipe is proposed which reduces these problems. Some test cases discussed.
We present results of numerical simulation of inviscid thick accretion disks and wind flows around black holes. We use Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) technique for this purpose. Formation of thick disks are found to be preceded by shock waves travelling away from the centrifugal barrier. For a large range of the parameter space, the travelling shock settles at a distance close to the location obtained by a one-and-a-half dimensional model of inviscid accretion disks. Occasionally, it is observed that accretion processes are aided by the formation of oblique shock waves, particularly in …
A Rigid-Field Hydrodynamics approach to modeling the magnetospheres of massive stars
介绍了一种新的刚性场流体动力学方法来模拟大质量恒星在极强磁场极限下的磁层。将场线视为有效刚性,我们开发了描述沿每个场线的一维流动的流体动力学方程,受压力、辐射、重力和离心力的影响。我们数值求解这些方程的一个大的合奏的场线,建立一个三维的时间依赖模拟的模型星的参数类似的原型Bp星σ Ori E。由于沿每个场线的流动可以独立于其他场线求解,这种方法的计算成本是等效磁流体动力学处理的一小部分。模拟证实了许多以前的分析和数值研究的预测。来自相反磁半球的气流之间的碰撞导致强烈的冲击加热。激波后的等离子体最初通过X射线辐射冷却,并最终聚集成一个扭曲的,刚性旋转的盘,由有效(重力加离心)势的最小值的轨迹定义。但也出现了一些新的结果。对于远离恒星的磁力线,快速的区域发散增强了风的辐射加速,导致高激波速度(高达3,000 km/s)和硬X射线。此外,离心势能的释放继续加热激波后的风等离子体,温度高达激波本身温度的两倍左右。最后,在某些情况下,冷等离子体在积累盘可以振荡其平衡位置,可能是由于在相邻的激波后区域的辐射冷却不稳定性。