最早的一代恒星和黑洞必须建立一个早期的“莱曼-沃纳”背景(LWB)在高红移,再电离的时代之前。由于能量E<13.6 eV的光子的平均自由程较长,LWB几乎是均匀的。然而,由于源的离散性质及其高度聚集的空间分布,预期LWB中会有一些变化。本文计算了在高红移(z~10)处坍缩的暗物质(DM)晕的长波辐射通量的概率分布函数(PDF)。我们的模型占(i)DM晕的集群,(ii)泊松波动的相应恒星形成星系的数量,和(iii)在LW的光度产生的晕的一个给定的质量(使用本地观测校准)的散射。我们发现,> 99%的DM晕照明的LW通量的全球平均值的2倍之内。然而,一小部分(~ 1 e-8 ~ 1 e-6)维里温度高于1 e4 K的DM晕在< 10 kpc的范围内有一个紧密的发光邻居,并且暴露于超过全球平均值20倍的LW通量,或J_(21,LW)> 1 e3(单位为1 e-21 erg/s/Hz/sr/cm^2)。这种大的激光束能使H_2分子在这些晕中由于原子冷却而坍缩,并阻止其进一步冷却和碎裂。因此,这种紧密的晕对提供了原始气体云直接坍缩成大质量黑洞(M_BH~ 1 e 4 - 1 e 6 M_sun),随后以z~6成长为超大质量(M_BH > 1 e 9 M_sun)黑洞的可能场所。
英文摘要:
The earliest generation of stars and black holes must have established an early 'Lyman-Werner' background (LWB) at high redshift, prior to the epoch of reionization. Because of the long mean free path of photons with energies E<13.6 eV, the LWB was nearly uniform. However, some variation in the LWB is expected due to the discrete nature of the sources, and their highly clustered spatial distribution. In this paper, we compute the probability distribution function (PDF) of the LW flux that irradiates dark matter (DM) halos collapsing at high-redshift (z~10). Our model accounts for (i) the clustering of DM halos, (ii) Poisson fluctuations in the number of corresponding star forming galaxies, and (iii) scatter in the LW luminosity produced by halos of a given mass (calibrated using local observations). We find that > 99% of the DM halos are illuminated by a LW flux within a factor of 2 of the global mean value. However, a small fraction, ~1e-8 to 1e-6, of DM halos with virial temperatures above 1e4 K have a close luminous neighbor within < 10 kpc, and are exposed to a LW flux exceeding the global mean by a factor of > 20, or to J_(21,LW)> 1e3 (in units of 1e-21 erg/s/Hz/sr/cm^2). This large LW flux can photo--dissociate H_2 molecules in the gas collapsing due to atomic cooling in these halos, and prevent its further cooling and fragmentation. Such close halo pairs therefore provide possible sites in which primordial gas clouds collapse directly into massive black holes (M_BH~ 1e4 - 1e6 M_sun), and subsequently grow into supermassive (M_BH > 1e9 M_sun) black holes by z~6.
Cosmological Growth History of Supermassive Black Holes and Demographics in the High-z Universe : Do Lyman-Break Galaxies Have Supermassive Black Holes?
Radiative Feedback in Relic HII Regions at High-Redshift
来自早期天体物理学来源的紫外线辐射可能对附近原星系中随后的恒星形成产生巨大影响。在这里,我们研究的辐射反馈的第一,短命的恒星使用流体动力学模拟与瞬态紫外线背景(UVB)和持久的莱曼-沃纳背景(LWB)的不同强度。我们扩展了Mesinger等人(2006)之前的工作,研究了一个更典型的区域,该区域的原星系在较低红移z~13-20处形成,该区域可能在大部分再电离之前的时期。我们证实了我们以前的结果,反馈的遗迹HII地区造成的这种瞬态辐射,本身是瞬态的。反馈效应在大约30%的哈勃时间后逐渐减弱,并且相同的临界比强度J_UV~0.1 x 10^{-21}尔格/s/cm ^2/Hz/sr将正反馈和负反馈区分开来。此外,我们发现了第二集的最终正反馈晕尚未崩溃时,他们的祖先地区暴露于瞬态UVB。无论UVB的强度如何,这种最终的正反馈都出现在所有运行中。然而,这种反馈机制对Lyman-Werner辐射的存在非常敏感,在J_LW>10^{-3} x 10^{-21} ergs/s/cm^2/Hz/sr的相当温和的背景强度下,显著的效应消失。我们得出结论,在遗迹HII区的紫外辐射反馈,虽然是一个复杂的过程,似乎不太可能对宇宙学再电离的进展产生重大影响,前提是目前对PopIII恒星的寿命和光度的估计是准确的。更有可能的是,LWB的建立最终控制反馈强度,直到可以建立持久的UV背景。[删节]