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arXiv 0810.0014astro-ph
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高红移Lyman-Werner背景中的涨落:作为超大质量黑洞起源的近晕对

Fluctuations in the High-Redshift Lyman-Werner Background: Close Halo Pairs as the Origin of Supermassive Black Holes

Mark Dijkstra, Zoltan Haiman, Andrei Mesinger, Stuart Wyithe

摘要:

最早的一代恒星和黑洞必须建立一个早期的“莱曼-沃纳”背景(LWB)在高红移,再电离的时代之前。由于能量E<13.6 eV的光子的平均自由程较长,LWB几乎是均匀的。然而,由于源的离散性质及其高度聚集的空间分布,预期LWB中会有一些变化。本文计算了在高红移(z~10)处坍缩的暗物质(DM)晕的长波辐射通量的概率分布函数(PDF)。我们的模型占(i)DM晕的集群,(ii)泊松波动的相应恒星形成星系的数量,和(iii)在LW的光度产生的晕的一个给定的质量(使用本地观测校准)的散射。我们发现,> 99%的DM晕照明的LW通量的全球平均值的2倍之内。然而,一小部分(~ 1 e-8 ~ 1 e-6)维里温度高于1 e4 K的DM晕在< 10 kpc的范围内有一个紧密的发光邻居,并且暴露于超过全球平均值20倍的LW通量,或J_(21,LW)> 1 e3(单位为1 e-21 erg/s/Hz/sr/cm^2)。这种大的激光束能使H_2分子在这些晕中由于原子冷却而坍缩,并阻止其进一步冷却和碎裂。因此,这种紧密的晕对提供了原始气体云直接坍缩成大质量黑洞(M_BH~ 1 e 4 - 1 e 6 M_sun),随后以z~6成长为超大质量(M_BH > 1 e 9 M_sun)黑洞的可能场所。

英文摘要:

The earliest generation of stars and black holes must have established an early 'Lyman-Werner' background (LWB) at high redshift, prior to the epoch of reionization. Because of the long mean free path of photons with energies E<13.6 eV, the LWB was nearly uniform. However, some variation in the LWB is expected due to the discrete nature of the sources, and their highly clustered spatial distribution. In this paper, we compute the probability distribution function (PDF) of the LW flux that irradiates dark matter (DM) halos collapsing at high-redshift (z~10). Our model accounts for (i) the clustering of DM halos, (ii) Poisson fluctuations in the number of corresponding star forming galaxies, and (iii) scatter in the LW luminosity produced by halos of a given mass (calibrated using local observations). We find that > 99% of the DM halos are illuminated by a LW flux within a factor of 2 of the global mean value. However, a small fraction, ~1e-8 to 1e-6, of DM halos with virial temperatures above 1e4 K have a close luminous neighbor within < 10 kpc, and are exposed to a LW flux exceeding the global mean by a factor of > 20, or to J_(21,LW)> 1e3 (in units of 1e-21 erg/s/Hz/sr/cm^2). This large LW flux can photo--dissociate H_2 molecules in the gas collapsing due to atomic cooling in these halos, and prevent its further cooling and fragmentation. Such close halo pairs therefore provide possible sites in which primordial gas clouds collapse directly into massive black holes (M_BH~ 1e4 - 1e6 M_sun), and subsequently grow into supermassive (M_BH > 1e9 M_sun) black holes by z~6.

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