木星喷流的形成与赤道超旋
Formation of Jets and Equatorial Superrotation on Jupiter
摘要：
木星对流层上部的纬向气流被组织成交替的逆行和逆行喷流，赤道处有一个逆行喷流（超旋转喷流）。现有的模型将大气层的差异辐射加热或从内部深处发出的固有热通量作为流动的驱动器，但是，它们不能再现木星喷流和热结构的所有大尺度特征。研究表明，如果将差异辐射加热和固有热通量的影响结合起来考虑，并且如果对流层上部动力学与作用在大气深处的磁流体动力学（MHD）阻力有关，那么解释木星喷流和热结构的困难就会得到解决。差分辐射加热产生的斜压涡旋可以解释离赤道急流;内禀对流热通量产生的赤道Rossby波可以解释赤道超旋。纬向流深入大气层，其速度随深度变化，直到MHD阻力作用的深度。该理论得到了木星外层大气能量一致的大气环流模型模拟的支持。一个模拟，结合差分辐射加热和固有的热通量再现木星的观测到的喷流和热结构，并作出可测试的预测，尚未观察到的方面。一个控制模拟，仅采用差分辐射加热，但没有内在的热通量产生赤道外喷流，但没有赤道超旋转;另一个控制模拟，仅采用内在的热通量，但没有差分辐射加热产生赤道超旋转，但没有赤道外喷流。
英文摘要：
The zonal flow in Jupiter's upper troposphere is organized into alternating retrograde and prograde jets, with a prograde (superrotating) jet at the equator. Existing models posit as the driver of the flow either differential radiative heating of the atmosphere or intrinsic heat fluxes emanating from the deep interior; however, they do not reproduce all large-scale features of Jupiter's jets and thermal structure. Here it is shown that the difficulties in accounting for Jupiter's jets and thermal structure resolve if the effects of differential radiative heating and intrinsic heat fluxes are considered together, and if upper-tropospheric dynamics are linked to a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) drag that acts deep in the atmosphere. Baroclinic eddies generated by differential radiative heating can account for the off-equatorial jets; meridionally propagating equatorial Rossby waves generated by intrinsic convective heat fluxes can account for the equatorial superrotation. The zonal flow extends deeply into the atmosphere, with its speed changing with depth, up to depths at which the MHD drag acts. The theory is supported by simulations with an energetically consistent general circulation model of Jupiter's outer atmosphere. A simulation that incorporates differential radiative heating and intrinsic heat fluxes reproduces Jupiter's observed jets and thermal structure and makes testable predictions about as-yet unobserved aspects thereof. A control simulation that incorporates only differential radiative heating but not intrinsic heat fluxes produces off-equatorial jets but no equatorial superrotation; another control simulation that incorporates only intrinsic heat fluxes but not differential radiative heating produces equatorial superrotation but no off-equatorial jets.
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