类地行星上的地球动力学和火山活动速率
Geodynamics and Rate of Volcanism on Massive Earth-like Planets
摘要：
我们提供了与地球相似的成分和质量从0.25到25倍地球的行星的火山活动与时间的估计，作为预测太阳系外岩石行星大气质量的一步。火山作用需要硅酸盐地幔的熔化。我们使用一个热演化模型，校准地球，结合标准的熔融模型，探索对流驱动的减压地幔熔融对行星质量的依赖。在这里，我们表明：（1）火山活动可能会继续在大质量行星与板块构造在主星的主序星寿命;（2）地壳厚度（和融化率归一化到行星质量）是弱依赖于行星质量;（3）停滞盖行星生活快（在热演化的早期，它们比板块构造的对应物具有更高的融化速率），（4）板块构造可能不会在大质量行星上发生作用，因为会产生难以俯冲的浮力地壳;和（5）熔融是必要的，但不足以有效的火山脱气-挥发分进入最早，最深的熔体，其密度可能比残留物更大，并下沉到年轻大质量行星的地幔底部。岩浆也必须在地表或地表附近结晶，如果挥发物要到达地表，那么上面的挥发物的压力必须相当低。如果在鲸鱼座τ星系中发现火山活动，并且潮汐力可以被证明是微弱的，这将是板块构造的证据。
英文摘要：
We provide estimates of volcanism versus time for planets with Earth-like composition and masses from 0.25 to 25 times Earth, as a step toward predicting atmospheric mass on extrasolar rocky planets. Volcanism requires melting of the silicate mantle. We use a thermal evolution model, calibrated against Earth, in combination with standard melting models, to explore the dependence of convection-driven decompression mantle melting on planet mass. Here we show that (1) volcanism is likely to proceed on massive planets with plate tectonics over the main-sequence lifetime of the parent star; (2) crustal thickness (and melting rate normalized to planet mass) is weakly dependent on planet mass; (3) stagnant lid planets live fast (they have higher rates of melting than their plate tectonic counterparts early in their thermal evolution) but die young (melting shuts down after a few Gyr); (4) plate tectonics may not operate on high mass planets because of the production of buoyant crust which is difficult to subduct; and (5) melting is necessary but insufficient for efficient volcanic degassing - volatiles partition into the earliest, deepest melts, which may be denser than the residue and sink to the base of the mantle on young, massive planets. Magma must also crystallize at or near the surface, and the pressure of overlying volatiles must be fairly low, if volatiles are to reach the surface. If volcanism is detected in the Tau Ceti system, and tidal forcing can be shown to be weak, this would be evidence for plate tectonics.
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