等离子体时期末期原星系的湍流形成：理论和观测
Turbulent formation of protogalaxies at the end of the plasma epoch: theory and observations
摘要：
引力结构形成的标准模型是基于Jeans 1902声学理论，忽略了由粘性、湍流和扩散控制的非线性不稳定性。由于热的原始等离子体的金斯尺度L_J总是略大于因果联系的尺度ct，其中c是光速，t是大爆炸后的时间，因此假设没有冷的（因此L_J CDM很小）无碰撞的冷暗物质CDM流体的引导，没有等离子体结构可以形成凝聚，引力收集等离子体。这个CDM模型的星系团是由数十亿年来CDM晕逐渐分层聚集到星系质量而形成的。没有观测到清洁发展机制晕圈。引力不稳定性是非线性的和绝对的，由粘性和湍流力控制，或者由小于ct的Schwarz长度尺度的扩散率控制。由于宇宙在等离子体时期是快速膨胀的，当粘性-重力尺度L_SV在30，000年时第一次与ct匹配时，形成的第一个结构是在密度最小的碎片，产生原超星系团空洞和原超星系团。在膨胀的空洞边界产生的弱湍流引导较小碎片的形态下降到原星系的大小，就在30万年前过渡到气体。原星系的大小反映了等离子体Kolmogorov尺度的线性和螺旋形态预测的野村直接数值模拟和深场空间望远镜观测证实。在转变为气体的过程中，运动粘度减少了10万亿，因此原星系分裂成金斯尺度的云，每个云都有一万亿颗地球质量的行星，正如Gibson 1996年预测和Schild 1996年观察到的那样。
英文摘要：
The standard model of gravitational structure formation is based on the Jeans 1902 acoustic theory, neglecting nonlinear instabilities controlled by viscosity, turbulence and diffusion. Because the Jeans scale L_J for the hot primordial plasma is always slightly larger than the scale of causal connection ct, where c is the speed of light and t is the time after the big bang, it has been assumed that no plasma structures could form without guidance from a cold (so L_J CDM is small) collisionless cold-dark-matter CDM fluid to give condensations that gravitationally collect the plasma. Galaxies by this CDM model form by gradual hierarchical-clustering of CDM halos to galaxy mass over billions of years. No observations exist of CDM halos. Gravitational instability is non-linear and absolute, controlled by viscous and turbulent forces or by diffusivity at Schwarz length scales smaller than ct. Because the universe during the plasma epoch is rapidly expanding, the first structures formed were at density minima by fragmentation when the viscous-gravitional scale L_SV first matched ct at 30,000 years to produce protosupercluster voids and protosuperclusters. Weak turbulence produced at expanding void boundaries guide the morphology of smaller fragments down to protogalaxy size just before transition to gas at 300,000 years. The size of the protogalaxies reflect the plasma Kolmogorov scale with a linear and spiral morphology predicted by the Nomura direct numerical simulations and confirmed by deep field space telescope observations. On transition to gas the kinematic viscosity decreases by ten trillion so the protogalaxies fragment as Jeans scale clouds, each with a trillion earth-mass planets, as predicted by Gibson 1996 and observed by Schild 1996.
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