Reactor monitoring and safeguards using antineutrino detectors
N. S. Bowden
备注：
6 pages, 4 figures, Proceedings of XXIII International Conference on Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics (Neutrino 2008); v2: minor additions to references
Nuclear reactors have served as the antineutrino source for many fundamental physics experiments. The techniques developed by these experiments make it possible to use these very weakly interacting particles for a practical purpose. The large flux of antineutrinos that leaves a reactor carries information about two quantities of interest for safeguards: the reactor power and fissile inventory. Measurements made with antineutrino detectors could therefore offer an alternative means for verifying the power history and fissile inventory of a reactors, as part of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and other reactor safeguards regimes. Several efforts to develop this monitoring technique are underway across the globe.
Cubic-meter-sized antineutrino detectors can be used to non-intrusively, robustly and automatically monitor and safeguard a wide variety of nuclear reactor types, including power reactors, research reactors, and plutonium production reactors. Since the antineutrino spectra and relative yields of fissioning isotopes depend on the isotopic composition of the core, changes in composition can be observed without ever directly accessing the core itself. Information from a modest-sized antineutrino detector, coupled with the well-understood principles that govern the core's evolution in time, can be…
By operating an antineutrino detector of simple design during several fuel cycles, we have observed long term changes in antineutrino flux that result from the isotopic evolution of a commercial Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR). Measurements made with simple antineutrino detectors of this kind offer an alternative means for verifying fissile inventories at reactors, as part of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and other reactor safeguards regimes.
A conceptual experimental method for providing a new measurement of the underlying beta decay spectra from fission products is presented. The goal is to provide additional information related to the prediction of the antineutrino emission spectra from fission reactors and assist evaluation of the reactor neutrino anomaly.
Estimation of the signal amplitudes and counting rates for coherent scattering of reactor antineutrino off atomic nuclei in two-phase xenon and argon detectors has been done. A conceptual design of detector based on the existing technologies and experience has been proposed. It is shown that a condensed xenon/argon two-phase detector possesses the necessary sensitivity for the use in experiment on detection of coherent scattering of the reactor antineutrino off nuclei. It is shown that a two-phase detector with both optical readout by PMTs and ionisation readout by GEM/THGEM possesses superior…
This paper analyzes the sensitivity of antineutrino count rate measurements to changes in the fissile content of civil power reactors. Such measurements may be useful in IAEA reactor safeguards applications. We introduce a hypothesis testing procedure to identify statistically significant differences between the antineutrino count rate evolution of a standard 'baseline' fuel cycle and that of an anomalous cycle, in which plutonium is removed and replaced with an equivalent fissile worth of uranium. The test would allow an inspector to detect anomalous reactor activity, or to positively confirm…
In this paper, we estimate how quickly and how precisely a reactor's operational status and thermal power can be monitored over hour to month time scales, using the antineutrino rate as measured by a cubic meter scale detector. Our results are obtained from a detector we have deployed and operated at 25 meter standoff from a reactor core. This prototype can detect a prompt reactor shutdown within five hours, and monitor relative thermal power to three percent within seven days. Monitoring of short-term power changes in this way may be useful in the context of International Atomic Energy Agency…
The large quantities of antineutrinos produced through the decay of fission fragments in nuclear reactors provide an opportunity to study the properties of these particles and investigate their use in reactor monitoring. The reactor antineutrino spectra are measured using specialized, large area detectors that detect antineutrinos through inverse beta decay, electron elastic scattering, or coherent elastic neutrino nucleus scattering; although, inverse beta decay is the only demonstrated method so far. Reactor monitoring takes advantage of the differences in the antineutrino yield and spectra …
From the discovery of the neutrino to the precision neutrino oscillation measurements in KamLAND, nuclear reactors have proven to be an important source of antineutrinos. As their power and our knowledge of neutrino physics has increased, more sensitive measurements have become possible. The next generation of reactor antineutrino experiments require more detailed simulations of the reactor core. Many of the reactor simulation codes are proprietary which makes detailed studies difficult. Here we present the results of the open source DRAGON code and compare it to other industry standards for r…
As discussed elsewhere, the measurement of a non-zero value for $θ_{13}$ would open up a wide range of possibilities to explore CP-violation and the mass hierarchy. Experimental methods to measure currently the unknown mixing angle $θ_{13}$ include accelerator searches for the $ν_{e}$ appearance and precise measurements of reactor antineutrino disappearance. The reactor antineutrino experiments are designed to search for a non-vanishing mixing angle $θ_{13}$ with unprecedented sensitivity. This document describes current reactor antineutrino experiments and synergy between accelerator searches…
Reactor antineutrinos are used to study neutrino oscillation, search for signatures of non-standard neutrino interactions, and to monitor reactor operation for safeguard applications. The flux and energy spectrum of reactor antineutrinos can be predicted from the decays of the nuclear fission products. A comparison of recent reactor calculations with past measurements at baselines of 10-100m suggests a 5.7% deficit. Precision measurements of reactor antineutrinos at very short baselines O(1-10 m) can be used to probe this anomaly and search for possible oscillations into sterile neutrino speci…
We revisit the reactor antineutrino anomaly using the recent reactor flux independent determination of sizable theta?13 by considering the full set of the absolute reactor electron antineutrino flux measurements. When normalized to the predicted flux of Mueller et al. [1], the new world average, after including results from Palo Verde, Chooz, and Double Chooz, is 0.959 +- 0.009 (experiment uncertainty) +- 0.027 (flux systematics). Including the data with kilometer baseline, the new world average is only about 1.4 sigma lower than the unity, weakening the significance of the reactor antineutrin…
Rising interest in nuclear reactors as a source of antineutrinos for experiments motivates validated, fast, and accessible simulations to predict reactor fission rates. Here we present results from the DRAGON and MURE simulation codes and compare them to other industry standards for reactor core modeling. We use published data from the Takahama-3 reactor to evaluate the quality of these simulations against the independently measured fuel isotopic composition. The propagation of the uncertainty in the reactor operating parameters to the resulting antineutrino flux predictions is also discussed.
This paper describes the data acquisition system used for data readout from a segmented detector of reactor antineutrinos with active shielding. Theoretical approach to the data acquisition is described and two possible solutions using QDCs and digitizers are discussed. Also described are the results of the DAQ performance during routine data taking operation of DANSS. DANSS (Detector of the reactor AntiNeutrino based on Solid Scintillator) is a project aiming to measure a spectrum of reactor antineutrinos using inverse beta decay (IBD) in a plastic scintillator. The detector is located close …
Recent measurements of the positron energy spectrum obtained from inverse beta decay interactions of reactor electron antineutrinos show an excess in the 4 to 6 MeV region relative to current predictions. First-principle calculations of fission and beta decay processes within a typical pressurized water reactor core identify prominent fission daughter isotopes as a possible origin for this excess. These calculations also predict percent-level substructure in the antineutrino spectrum due to Coulomb effects in beta decay. Precise measurement of this substructure can constrain nuclear reactor ph…
PROSPECT is a short-baseline reactor antineutrino experiment designed to search for short-baseline sterile neutrino oscillations and perform a precise measurement of $^{235}$U reactor antineutrino spectrum from the High Flux Isotope Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This measurement probes our understanding of recent anomalous results observed in reactor antineutrinos. PROSPECT uses a $\sim$4-ton optically segmented, $^{6}$Li-loaded liquid scintillator detector with high light yield, world-leading energy resolution, and excellent pulse shape discrimination. The latest antineutrino spec…
New fissile isotopes antineutrino spectra ($^{235}$U, $^{238}$U, $^{239}$Pu and $^{241}$Pu) calculation is presented. On base of summation method the toy model was developed. It was shown that total antineutrino number is conserved in framework of given database on individual fragments yields. The analysis of antineutrino spectrum shape says that any presented antineutrino spectrum should satisfy to the total antineutrino number conservation.
In this note we discuss the potential application of antineutrino monitoring to the Iranian heavy water reactor at Arak, the IR-40, as a non-proliferation measure. We demonstrate that an above ground detector positioned right outside the IR-40 reactor building could meet and in some cases significantly exceed the verification goals identified by IAEA for plutonium production or diversion from declared inventories. In addition to monitoring the reactor during operation, observing antineutrino emissions from long-lived fission products could also allow monitoring the reactor when it is shutdown.…
Positron spectrum from inverse beta decay reaction on proton was measured in 1988-1990 as a result of neutrino exploration experiment. The measured spectrum has the largest statistics and lowest energy threshold between other neutrino experiments made that time at nuclear reactors. On base of the positron spectrum the standard antineutrino spectrum for typical reactor fuel composition was restored. In presented analysis the partial spectra forming this standard spectrum were extracted using specific method. They could be used for neutrino experiments data analysis made at any fuel composition …
Reactor antineutrino experiment are used to study neutrino oscillation, search for signatures of nonstandard neutrino interaction, and monitor reactor operation for safeguard application. Reactor simulation is an important source of uncertainties for a reactor neutrino experiment. Commercial code is used for reactor simulation to evaluate fission fraction in Daya Bay neutrino experiment, but the source code doesn't open to our researcher results from commercial secret. In this study, The open source code DRAGON was improved to calculate the fission rates of the four most important isotopes in …
We report the results of an experiment conducted near the High Flux Isotope Reactor of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, designed to address the question of whether a flux of reactor-generated electron antineutrinos can alter the rates of weak nuclear interaction-induced decays for Mn-54, Na-22, and Co-60. This experiment, while quite sensitive, cannot exclude perturbations less than one or two parts in $10^4$ in $β$ decay (or electron capture) processes, in the presence of an antineutrino flux of $3\times 10^{12}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. The present experimental methods are applicable to a wide rang…
The antineutrino detectors in the Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment are liquid scintillator detectors designed to detect low energy particles from antineutrino interactions with high efficiency and low backgrounds. Since the antineutrino detector will be installed in a water Cherenkov cosmic ray veto detector and will run for 3 to 5 years, ensuring water tightness is critical to the successful operation of the antineutrino detectors. We choose a special method to seal the detector. Three leak checking methods have been employed to ensure the seal quality. This paper will describe the sealin…
We identify a new, flux-dependent correction to the antineutrino spectrum as produced in nuclear reactors. The abundance of certain nuclides, whose decay chains produce antineutrinos above the threshold for inverse beta decay, has a nonlinear dependence on the neutron flux, unlike the vast majority of antineutrino producing nuclides, whose decay rate is directly related to the fission rate. We have identified four of these so-called nonlinear nuclides and determined that they result in an antineutrino excess at low-energies below 3.2MeV, dependent on the reactor thermal neutron flux. We develo…
Increasing the distance from which an antineutrino detector is capable of monitoring the operation of a registered reactor, or discovering a clandestine reactor, strengthens the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty. This paper presents calculations of reactor antineutrino interactions from quasi-elastic neutrino-proton scattering and elastic neutrino-electron scattering in a water-based detector operated $\gtrsim10$ km from a commercial power reactor. It separately calculates signal from the proximal reactor and background from all other registered reactors. The main results are differe…
Hints for the existence of a sterile neutrino at nuclear reactors are reexamined using two updated predictions for the fluxes of antineutrinos produced in fissions. These new predictions diverge in their preference for the rate deficit anomaly, relative to previous analyses, but the anomaly in the ratios of measured antineutrino spectra persists. We comment on upcoming experiments and their ability to probe the preferred region of the sterile-neutrino parameter space in the electron neutrino disappearance channel.
The recent observation of an energy structure in the reactor antineutrino spectrum is reviewed. The reactor experiments Daya Bay, Double Chooz and RENO have reported a consistent excess of antineutrinos deviating from the flux predictions, with a local significance of about 4$σ$ between 4 and 6 MeV of the positron energy spectrum. The possible causes of the structure are analyzed in this work, along with the different experimental approaches developed to identify its origin. Considering the available data and results from the three experiments, the most likely explanation concerns the reactor …
Increasing the distance from which an antineutrino detector is capable of monitoring the operation of a registered reactor, or discovering a clandestine reactor, strengthens the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty. This report presents calculations of reactor antineutrino interactions, from quasi-elastic neutrino-proton scattering and elastic neutrino-electron scattering, in a water-based detector operated >10 km from a commercial power reactor. It separately calculates signal from the proximal reactor and background from all other registered reactors. The main results are interaction …
We investigate the ability of an antineutrino detector to determine the fuel type of a reactor. A hypothetical 5t antineutrino detector is placed 25m from the core and measures the spectral shape and rate of antineutrinos emitted by fission fragments in the core for a number of 90 day periods. Our results indicate that four major fuel types can be differentiated from the variation of fission fractions over the irradiation time with a true positive probability of detection at 95%. In addition, we demonstrate that antineutrinos can identify the burn-up at which weapons-grade mixed-oxide (MOX) fu…
The recent agreement to transfer nuclear submarine reactors and technology from two nuclear-weapon states to a non-nuclear-weapon state (AUKUS deal) highlights an unsolved problem in international safeguards: how to safeguard naval reactor fuel while it is on-board an operational nuclear submarine. Proposals to extend existing safeguards technologies and practices are complicated by the need for civilian international inspectors to gain access to the interior of the submarine and the reactor compartment, which raises national security concerns. In this paper we show that implementing safeguard…
This letter presents the physics and feasibility of reactor antineutrino monitoring to verify the burnup of plutonium loaded in the reactor as a Mixed Oxide (MOX) fuel. It examines the magnitude and temporal variation in the antineutrino signals expected for different MOX fuels, for the purposes of nuclear accountability and safeguards. The antineutrino signals from reactor-grade and weapons-grade MOX are shown to be distinct from those from burning low enriched uranium. Thus, antineutrino monitoring could be used to verify the destruction of plutonium in reactors, though verifying the grade o…
We deployed a small, 80kg, antineutrino detector based on solid plastic scintillator, called MiniCHANDLER for nearly three months at a distance of 25m from a 2.9GW thermal power reactor core at the North Anna Nuclear Generating Station. We report the detection of an antineutrino signal resulting from inverse beta decay at 5.5 sigma significance with no overburden and minimal shielding. This result also demonstrates that 3D segmentation can be used to significantly improve the signal to noise ratio, in this case by a factor of 4. In addition, this measurement represents an observation of the po…
The potential of elastic antineutrino-electron scattering in a Gd-doped water Cherenkov detector to determine the direction of a nuclear reactor antineutrino flux was investigated using the recently proposed WATCHMAN antineutrino experiment as a baseline model. The expected scattering rate was determined assuming a 13-km standoff from a 3.758-GWt light water nuclear reactor and the detector response was modeled using a Geant4-based simulation package. Background was estimated via independent simulations and by scaling published measurements from similar detectors. Background contributions were…
Antineutrinos have been proposed as a means of reactor safeguards for more than 30 years and there has been impressive experimental progress in neutrino detection. In this paper we conduct, for the first time, a case study of the application of antineutrino safeguards to a real-world scenario - the North Korean nuclear crisis in 1994. We derive detection limits to a partial or full core discharge in 1989 based on actual IAEA safeguards access and find that two independent methods would have yielded positive evidence for a second core with very high confidence. To generalize our results, we pro…
We consider the possibility that the reactor antineutrino anomaly is due to a miscalculation of one or more of the $^{235}\text{U}$, $^{238}\text{U}$, $^{239}\text{Pu}$, and $^{241}\text{Pu}$ reactor antineutrino fluxes. From the fit of the data we obtain the precise determination $σ_{f,235} = ( 6.33 \pm 0.08 ) \times 10^{-43} \, \text{cm}^2 / \text{fission}$ of the $^{235}\text{U}$ cross section per fission, which is more precise than the calculated value and differs from it by $2.2σ$. The cross sections per fission of the other fluxes have large uncertainties and in practice their values are…
The detailed understanding of the antineutrino emission from research reactors is mandatory for any high sensitivity experiments either for fundamental or applied neutrino physics, as well as a good control of the gamma and neutron backgrounds induced by the reactor operation. In this article, the antineutrino emission associated to a thermal research reactor: the OSIRIS reactor located in Saclay, France, is computed in a first part. The calculation is performed with the summation method, which sums all the contributions of the beta decay branches of the fission products, coupled for the first…
The antineutrino spectra measured in recent experiments at reactors are inconsistent with calculations based on the conversion of integral beta spectra recorded at the ILL reactor. $^{92}$Rb makes the dominant contribution to the reactor spectrum in the 5-8 MeV range but its decay properties are in question. We have studied $^{92}$Rb decay with total absorption spectroscopy. Previously unobserved beta feeding was seen in the 4.5-5.5 region and the GS to GS feeding was found to be 87.5(25)%. The impact on the reactor antineutrino spectra calculated with the summation method is shown and discuss…
We discuss a possibility that the so-called reactor antineutrino anomaly can be, at least in part, explained by applying a quantum field-theoretical approach to neutrino oscillations, which in particular predicts a small deviation from the classical inverse-square law at short but macroscopic distances between the neutrino source and detector. An extensive statistical analysis of the reactor data is performed to examine this speculation.
We present results from global fits to the available reactor antineutrino dataset, as of Fall 2019, to determine the global preference for a fourth, sterile neutrino. We have separately considered experiments that measure the integrated inverse-beta decay (IBD) rate from those that measure the energy spectrum of IBD events at one or more locations. The software used is the newly developed GLoBESfit tool set which is based on the publicly available GLoBES framework and will be released as open-source software.
We investigate which among the reactor antineutrino fluxes from the decays of the fission products of $^{235}\text{U}$, $^{238}\text{U}$, $^{239}\text{Pu}$, and $^{241}\text{Pu}$ may be responsible for the reactor antineutrino anomaly if the anomaly is due to a miscalculation of the antineutrino fluxes. We find that it is very likely that at least the calculation of the $^{235}\text{U}$ flux must be revised. From the fit of the data we obtain the precise determination $σ_{f,235} = ( 6.33 \pm 0.08 ) \times 10^{-43} \, \text{cm}^2 / \text{fission}$ of the $^{235}\text{U}$ cross section per fissi…
We investigate the recent Daya Bay results on the changes in the antineutrino flux and spectrum with the burnup of the reactor fuel. We find that the discrepancy between current model predictions and the Daya Bay results can be traced to the original measured $^{235}$U/$^{239}$Pu ratio of the fission beta spectra that were used as a base for the expected antineutrino fluxes. An analysis of the antineutrino spectra that is based on a summation over all fission fragment beta-decays, using nuclear database input, explains all of the features seen in the Daya Bay evolution data. However, this summ…
Numerous experimental efforts have shown that antineutrino-based monitoring provides a non-intrusive means to estimate the fissile content and relative thermal power of nuclear reactors for nonproliferation. Until now, there have been no experimental demonstrations dedicated to exploring the nonproliferation potential of large detectors required for long-range monitoring. The goal of the Advanced Instrumentation Testbed (AIT) program is to test novel methods for the discovery of reactor cores, specifically in the mid-field to far-field, beyond 200 meters and out to tens or hundreds of kilomete…
In this paper we present results of a long-term observation of the decay of 22Na in the presence of a nuclear fission reactor. The measurements were made outside the containment wall of and underneath the Koeberg nuclear power plant near Cape Town, South Africa. Antineutrino fluxes ranged from ~5*10^11 to 1.6*10^13 cm^-2 s^-1 during this period. We show that the coincidence summing technique provides a sensitive tool to measure a change in the total decay constant as well as the branching ratio between EC and beta+ decay of 22Na to the first excited state in 22Ne. We observe a relative change …
We present the results of a combined fit of the reactor antineutrino rates and the Daya Bay measurement of $σ_{f,235}$ and $σ_{f,239}$. The combined fit leads to a better determination of the two cross sections per fission: $σ_{f,235} = 6.29 \pm 0.08$ and $σ_{f,239} = 4.24 \pm 0.21 $ in units of $10^{-43} \, \text{cm}^2 / \text{fission}$, with respective uncertainties of about $1.2\%$ and $4.9\%$. Since the respective deviations from the theoretical cross sections per fission are $2.5σ$ and $0.7σ$, we conclude that, if the reactor antineutrino anomaly is not due to active-sterile neutrino osci…
In a conventional light water reactor loaded with a range of uranium and plutonium-based fuel mixtures, the variation in antineutrino production over the cycle reflects both the initial core fissile inventory and its evolution. Under the assumption of constant thermal power, we calculate the rate at which antineutrinos are emitted from variously fueled cores, and the evolution of that rate as measured by a representative ton-scale antineutrino detector. We find that antineutrino flux decreases with burnup for Low Enriched Uranium cores, increases for full mixed-oxide (MOX) cores, and does not …
Predictions of antineutrino fluxes produced by fission isotopes in a nuclear reactor have recently received increased scrutiny due to observed differences in predicted and measured inverse beta decay (IBD) yields, referred to as the 'reactor antineutrino flux anomaly.' In this paper, global fits are applied to existing IBD yield measurements to produce constraints on antineutrino production by individual plutonium and uranium fission isotopes. We find that fits including measurements from highly 235U-enriched cores and fits including Daya Bay's new fuel evolution result produce discrepant best…
We report a reanalysis of the reactor antineutrino energy spectra based on the new relative measurements of the ratio $R=\!^{e}S_5/^{e}S_9$ between cumulative $β$ spectra from $^{235}$U and $^{239}$Pu, performed at a research reactor in National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute (KI). A discrepancy with the $β$ spectra measured at Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) was observed, indicating a steady excess of the ILL ratio by the factor of $1.054\pm0.002$. We find a value of the ratio between inverse beta decay cross section per fission for $^{235}$U and $^{239}$Pu: $(^5σ_f/^9σ_f)_{KI} = 1.45 \pm 0…
We compare existing segmented plastic antineutrino detectors with our new geometrically improved design for antineutrino detection and light collection efficiency. The purpose of this study is to determine the most suitable design style for remote reactor monitoring in the context of nuclear safeguards. Using Monte Carlo based GEANT4 simulation package, we perform detector simulation based on two prominent experiments: Plastic antineutrino detector array (Panda) and Core monitoring by reactor antineutrino detector (Cormorad). In addition to these two well-known designs, another concept, the Pa…
A reactor-neutrino experiment, Daya Bay, has been proposed to determine the least-known neutrino mixing angle theta_13 using electron antineutrinos produced at the Daya Bay nuclear power complex in China. Daya Bay is an international collaboration with institutions from China, the United States, the Czech Republic, Hong Kong, Russia, and Taiwan. The experiment will use eight identical detectors deployed at three different locations optimized for monitoring the antineutrino rates from the six reactors and for detecting any rate deficit and spectral distortion near the first oscillation maximum.…
The reactor antineutrinos are used for the precise measurement of oscillation parameters in the 3-neutrino model, and also used to investigate active-sterile neutrino mixing sensitivity in the 3$+$1 neutrino framework. In the present work, we study the feasibility of sterile neutrino search with the Indian Scintillator Matrix for Reactor Anti-Neutrino (ISMRAN) experimental set-up using electron antineutrinos ($\overlineν_e$) produced from reactor as a source. The so-called 3$+$1 scenario is considered for active-sterile neutrino mixing, which leads to projected exclusion curves in the sterile …
We calculate the Inverse Beta Decay (IBD) antineutrino spectrum generated by nuclear reactors using the summation method to understand deviations from the smooth Huber-Mueller model due to the decay of individual fission products, showing that plotting the ratio of two adjacent spectra points can effectively reveal these deviations. We obtained that for binning energies of 0.1 MeV or lower, abrupt changes in the spectra due to the jagged nature of the individual antineutrino spectra could be observed for highly precise experiments. Surprisingly, our calculations also reveal a peak-like feature…
The 96.4 day exposure of a 3 kg ultra-low noise germanium detector to the high flux of antineutrinos from a power nuclear reactor is described. A very strong preference ($p<1.2\times10^{-3}$) for the presence of a coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CE$ν$NS) component in the data is found, when compared to a background-only model. No such effect is visible in 25 days of operation during reactor outages. The best-fit CE$ν$NS signal is in good agreement with expectations based on a recent characterization of germanium response to sub-keV nuclear recoils. Deviations of order 60\% from t…
The spectral shape of reactor antineutrinos measured in recent experiments shows anomalies in comparison to neutrino reference spectra. New precision measurements of the reactor neutrino spectra as well as more complete input in nuclear data bases are needed to resolve the observed discrepancies between models and experimental results. This article proposes the combination of experiments at reactors which are highly enriched in ${}^{235}$U with commercial reactors with typically lower enrichment to gain new insights into the origin of the anomalous neutrino spectrum. The presented method clari…
A natural nuclear fission reactor with a power output of 3- 10 terawatt at the center of the earth has been proposed as the energy source of the earth's magnetic field. The proposal can be directly tested by a massive liquid scintillation detector that can detect the signature spectrum of antineutrinos from the geo-reactor as well as the direction of the antineutrino source. Such detectors are now in operation or under construction in Japan/Europe. However, the clarity of both types of measurements may be limited by background from antineutrinos from surface power reactors. Future U. S. detect…
There has been designed an experimental project "Neutrino-4" for 100 MW reactor SM-3 to test the hypothesis of the "reactor antineutrino anomaly". Advantages of the reactor SM-3 for such an experiment are low background conditions as well as small dimensions of a reactor core - 35x42x42 cm3. One has carried on the Monte-Carlo modeling of a position sensitive antineutrino detector consisting of 5 operation sections, which as a result of displacement, covers the distance from 6 to 13 meters from the reactor core. One has succeeded in obtaining an experimental area of sensitivity to oscillation p…
