Experimental data on inclusive cross sections of particles produced in high energy proton-(anti)proton collisions at ISR, RHIC, and Tevatron are analyzed in the framework of $z$-scaling. New features of the scaling function $ψ(z)$ are established. These are flavor independence of $ψ(z)$ including particles with heavy flavor content and saturation at low $z$. The flavor independence means that the shape of the scaling function $ψ(z)$ is the same for different hadron species. The saturation corresponds to flattening of $ψ(z)$ for $z<0.1$. Relations of model parameters used in data $z$-presentation with some thermodynamical quantities (entropy, specific heat, temperature) are discussed. It is shown that behavior of the particle spectra at low $z$ is controlled by a parameter $c$ interpreted as a specific heat of the created medium associated with production of the inclusive particle. The saturation regime of $ψ(z)$ observed at low $z$ is assumed to be preferable in searching for phase transitions of hadron matter and for study of non-perturbative QCD in high energy proton-(anti)proton collisions at U70, RHIC, Tevatron, and LHC.
Extraction of the color dipole amplitude with physics-informed neural networks
Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院近代物理研究所）；Southern Center for Nuclear Science Theory (SCNT), Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院近代物理研究所南方核科学理论中心）；School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学技术大学核科学与技术学院）；State Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Science and Technology, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院近代物理研究所重离子科学和技术国家重点实验室）
Revealing a deep connection between factorization and saturation: New insight into modeling high-energy proton-proton and nucleus-nucleus scattering in the EPOS4 framework
