iVINE -并行树/SPH代码中的电离VINE：观测到的O星周围年龄分布的第一个结果
iVINE - Ionization in the parallel tree/SPH code VINE: First results on the observed age-spread around O-stars
摘要：
我们提出了一个三维的，完全并行化的，有效的实现电离紫外辐射的光滑粒子流体动力学（SPH），包括自引力。我们的方法是基于SPH/树代码VINE。因此，我们称之为iVINE（Ionization + VINE）。这种方法允许详细的高分辨率研究电离辐射的影响，例如年轻的大质量恒星对其动荡的母体分子云的影响。在本文中，我们描述的概念和数值实现的辐射转移的平面平行的几何形状，我们讨论了几个测试情况下证明的效率和精度的新方法。作为第一个应用程序，我们研究了辐射驱动的内爆的边缘稳定的分子云在不同的距离强紫外光源，并表明，他们被驱动到引力坍缩。由此产生的核心非常紧凑和密集，就像在集群环境中观察到的那样。我们的模拟表明，触发崩溃的时间取决于核心的距离紫外光源。离震源较近的云比离震源较远的云早坍缩$10^5$几年。这种效应可以解释在OB星协中观察到的年龄分布，在OB星协中，离源较近的恒星被发现更年轻。我们讨论了可能的不确定性，在观测推导的冲击波前速度由于早期剥离的原恒星信封电离辐射。
英文摘要：
We present a three-dimensional, fully parallelized, efficient implementation of ionizing UV radiation for smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) including self-gravity. Our method is based on the SPH/tree code VINE. We therefore call it iVINE (for Ionization + VINE). This approach allows detailed high-resolution studies of the effects of ionizing radiation from e.g. young massive stars on their turbulent parental molecular clouds. In this paper we describe the concept and the numerical implementation of the radiative transfer for a plain-parallel geometry and we discuss several test cases demonstrating the efficiency and accuracy of the new method. As a first application, we study the radiatively driven implosion of marginally stable molecular clouds at various distances of a strong UV source and show that they are driven into gravitational collapse. The resulting cores are very compact and dense exactly as it is observed in clustered environments. Our simulations indicate that the time of triggered collapse depends on the distance of the core from the UV source. Clouds closer to the source collapse several $10^5$ years earlier than more distant clouds. This effect can explain the observed age spread in OB associations where stars closer to the source are found to be younger. We discuss possible uncertainties in the observational derivation of shock front velocities due to early stripping of proto-stellar envelopes by ionizing radiation.
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