J. M. Gabor, C. D. Impey, K. Jahnke, B. D. Simmons, J. R. Trump, A. M. Koekemoer, M. Brusa, N. Cappelluti, E. Schinnerer, V. Smolčić, M. Salvato, J. D. Rhodes, … 展开作者
J. M. Gabor, C. D. Impey, K. Jahnke, B. D. Simmons, J. R. Trump, A. M. Koekemoer, M. Brusa, N. Cappelluti, E. Schinnerer, V. Smolčić, M. Salvato, J. D. Rhodes, B. Mobasher, P. Capak, R. Massey, A. Leauthaud, N. Scoville
备注：
21 pages, 15 figures, Table 2 abridged. Accepted for publication in ApJ
We use HST/ACS images and a photometric catalog of the COSMOS field to analyze morphologies of the host galaxies of approximately 400 AGN candidates at redshifts 0.3 < z < 1.0. We compare the AGN hosts with a sample of non-active galaxies drawn from the COSMOS field to match the magnitude and redshift distribution of the AGN hosts. We perform 2-D surface brightness modeling with GALFIT to yield host galaxy and nuclear point source magnitudes. X-ray selected AGN host galaxy morphologies span a substantial range that peaks between those of early-type, bulge-dominated and late-type, disk-dominated systems. We also measure the asymmetry and concentration of the host galaxies. Unaccounted for, the nuclear point source can significantly bias results of these measured structural parameters, so we subtract the best-fit point source component to obtain images of the underlying host galaxies. Our concentration measurements reinforce the findings of our 2-D morphology fits, placing X-ray AGN hosts between early- and late-type inactive galaxies. AGN host asymmetry distributions are consistent with those of control galaxies. Combined with a lack of excess companion galaxies around AGN, the asymmetry distributions indicate that strong interactions are no more prevalent among AGN than normal galaxies. In light of recent work, these results suggest that the host galaxies of AGN at these X-ray luminosities may be in a transition from disk-dominated to bulge-dominated, but that this transition is not typically triggered by major mergers.
Using HST/ACS images in four bands F435W, F606W, F775W and F850LP, we identify optical counterparts to the X-ray sources in the Chandra Deep Field South in the GOODS South field. A detailed study has been made of these sources to study their morphological types. We use methods like decomposition of galaxy luminosity profiles, color maps and visual inspection of 192 galaxies which are identified as possible optical counterparts of Chandra X-ray sources in the CDFS-GOODS field. We find that most moderate luminosity AGN hosts are bulge dominated in the redshift range (z \approx 0.4-1.3), but not …
We visually and quantitatively determine the host galaxy morphologies of 94 intermediate redshift (0.2 < z < 1.2) active galactic nuclei (AGN), selected using Chandra X-ray and Spitzer mid-infrared data in the Extended Groth Strip. Using recently developed morphology measures, the second-order moment of the brightest 20% of a galaxy's flux (M_{20}) and the Gini coefficient, we find that X-ray-selected AGN mostly reside in E/S0/Sa galaxies (53^{+11}_{-10}%), while IR-selected AGN show no clear preference for host morphology. X-ray-selected AGN hosts are members of close pairs more often than th…
We use a representative sample of 65 galaxy clusters observed with the Einstein IPC to constrain the range of cluster X-ray morphologies. We develop and apply quantitative and reproducible measures to constrain the intrinsic distributions of emission weighted centroid variation, axial ratio, orientation, and the radial fall--off. We then use the range of cluster X--ray morphologies to constrain three generic cosmological models (Omega=1, Omega_0=0.2, and Omega_0=0.2 & lambda_0=0.8). For each of these models, we evolve eight sets of Gaussian random initial conditions consistent with an effectiv…
During the course of this conference, much evidence was presented that points to an intimate connection between the energetic outflows driven by AGN and the energy budget and quite possibly also the evolution of their gaseous environments. However, it is still not clear if and how the AGN activity is triggered by the cooling gas, how long the activity lasts for and how these effects give rise to the observed distribution of morphologies of the outflows. In this contribution we concentrate on the high radio luminosity end of the AGN population. While most of the heating of the environmental gas…
We present the first results of our HST WFPC2 F814W snapshot imaging survey, targeting virtually all sub-mJy decimetric radio-selected star-forming galaxies. The radio selection at ~1 GHz is free from extinction effects and the radio luminosities are largely unaffected by AGN contamination, making these galaxies ideal tracers of the cosmic star formation history. A sub-sample of 4 targets is presented here, selected at 1.4 GHz from the spectroscopically homogenous and complete samples of Benn et al. (1993) and Hopkins et al. (1999). The redshifts are confined to a narrow range around z~0.2, to…
X-ray observations have played a key role in the study of substructure and merging in galaxy clusters. I review the evidence for cluster substructure and mergers obtained from X-ray observations with satellites that operated before Chandra and XMM. Different techniques to study cluster mergers via X-ray imaging and spectral data are discussed with an emphasis on the quantitative analysis of cluster morphologies. I discuss the implications of measurements of cluster morphologies for cosmology and the origin of radio halos.
We present preliminary results from imaging three HST/WFPC2 fields in V and I within the Chandra Deep Field South (CDFS). HST's sensitivity and resolution are sufficient to reveal optical counterparts for 24 of the 26 CDFS X-ray sources detected in the 300 ksec X-ray catalog and to determine the morphologies of most of these. We find that the X-ray sources comprise two apparently distinct populations of optical candidates: one optically faint (I > 24) with V - I colors consistent with the I > 24 field population; the other significantly brighter (I < 22) with colors redder than the I < 22 fiel…
This paper is the last in a series, investigating the optical properties of a sample of mid-IR Warm Seyfert galaxies and of a control sample of mid-IR cold galaxies. In the present paper we parametrize the morphologies and interaction properties of the host galaxies and combine these with the major conclusions in our previous papers. Our results confirm that nuclear activity is linked to galactic interactions. We suggest an alternative view for the simple orientation-obscuration model postulated for Seyfert types 1 and 2, that takes into account the time evolution of their environmental and mo…
We employ UV and optical photometry, from the GALEX and SDSS surveys respectively, to study the star formation histories of 561 luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) in the nearby Universe. A small fraction (~4%) of these galaxies have spheroidal or near-spheroidal morphologies and could be progenitors of elliptical galaxies. The remaining galaxies are morphologically late-type or ongoing mergers. 61% of the LIRGs do not show signs of interactions, while the remaining objects are either interacting (~18%) or show post-merger morphologies (~19%). The (SSP-weighted) average age of the underlying st…
GEMS, Galaxy Evolution from Morphologies and SEDs, is a large-area (800 arcmin2) two-color (F606W and F850LP) imaging survey with the Advanced Camera for Surveys on HST. Centered on the Chandra Deep Field South, it covers an area of ~28'x28', or about 120 Hubble Deep Field areas, to a depth of m_AB(F606W)=28.3 (5sigma and m_AB(F850LP)=27.1 (5sigma) for compact sources. In its central ~1/4, GEMS incorporates ACS imaging from the GOODS project. Focusing on the redshift range 0.2<=z<=1.1, GEMS provides morphologies and structural parameters for nearly 10,000 galaxies where redshift estimates, lum…
We outline a strategy to select faint (i<24.5) type 1 AGN candidates down to the Seyfert/QSO boundary for spectroscopic targeting in the COSMOS field, picking candidates by their nonstellar colors in broadband ground-based photometry and morphological properties extracted from HST-ACS. AGN optical color selection has not been applied to such faint magnitudes in such a large continuous part of the sky. Hot stars are known to be the dominant contaminant for bright AGN candidate selection at z<2, but we anticipate the highest color contamination at all redshifts to be from faint starburst and com…
We summarize multiwavelength properties of a sample of galaxies in the CDF-N and CDF-S whose Spectral Energy Distributions (SEDs) exhibit the characteristic power-law behavior expected for AGN in the Spitzer/IRAC 3.6-8micron bands. AGN selected this way tend to comprise the majority of high X-ray luminosity AGN, whereas AGN selected via other IRAC color-color criteria might contain more star-formation dominated galaxies. Approximately half of these IR power-law galaxies in the CDF-S are detected in deep (1Ms) Chandra X-ray imaging, although in the CDF-N (2Ms) about 77% are detected at the 3sig…
We describe and test a method to quantitatively classify clusters of galaxies according to their projected morphologies. This method will be subsequently used to place constraints on cosmological parameters ($Ω$ and the power spectrum of primordial fluctuations on scales at or slightly smaller than that of clusters) and to test theories of cluster formation. We specifically address structure that is easily discernible in projection and dynamically important to the cluster. The method is derived from the two-dimensional multipole expansion of the projected gravitational potential and yields dim…
We present spectroscopic redshifts for the first 466 X-ray and radio-selected AGN targets in the 2 deg^2 COSMOS field. Spectra were obtained with the IMACS instrument on the Magellan (Baade) telescope, using the nod-and-shuffle technique. We identify a variety of Type 1 and Type 2 AGN, as well as red galaxies with no emission lines. Our redshift yield is 72% down to i_AB=24, although the yield is >90% for i_AB<22. We expect the completeness to increase as the survey continues. When our survey is complete and additional redshifts from the zCOSMOS project are included, we anticipate ~1100 AGN wi…
I review recent results of the high-redshift X-ray selected AGN clustering, based on the XMM/2dF survey. Using the luminosity-dependent density evolution luminosity function we find that the spatial clustering lengths, derived using Limber's inversion equation, are ~16 and ~19 h-1 Mpc respectively (for the comoving clustering evolution model) while the median redshifts of the soft and hard X-ray sources are z~ 1.2 and 0.75, respectively. Within the framework of flat cosmological models we find that these results support a model with Omega_m=0.26, σ_8=0.75, w=-0.9 (in excellent agreement with t…
We attempt to put constraints on different cosmological and biasing models by combining the recent clustering results of X-ray sources in the local ($z\le 0.1$) and distant universe ($z\sim 1$). To this end we compare the measured angular correlation function for bright (Akylas et al. 2000) and faint (Vikhlinin & Forman 1995) {\em ROSAT} X-ray sources respectively with those expected in three spatially flat cosmological models. Taking into account the different functional forms of the bias evolution, we find that there are two cosmological models which performs well the data. In particular, lo…
Deep and high resolution radio observations of the Hubble Deep Field and flanking fields have shown the presence of two distant edge-darkened FR I radio galaxies, allowing for the first time an estimate of their high redshift space density. If it is assumed that the space density of FR I radio galaxies at z>1 is similar to that found in the local universe, then the chance of finding two FR I radio galaxies at these high radio powers in such a small area of sky is <1%. This suggests that these objects were significantly more abundant at z>1 than at present, effectively ruling out the possibilit…
We present the results from a study of the host galaxies of 15 optically selected AGNs with 0.5<z<1.1 from GEMS. GEMS is a Hubble Space Telescope imaging survey of a ~28"x28" contiguous field centered on the Chandra Deep Field South in the F606W and F850LP filter bands. It incorporates the SEDs and redshifts of ~10000 objects, obtained by the COMBO-17 project. We have detected the host galaxies of all 15 AGNs in the F850LP-band (and 13/15 in the F606W-band), recovering their fluxes, morphologies and structural parameters. We find that 80% of the host galaxies have early-type (bulge-dominated) …
It is still a matter of debate whether the properties of galaxies hosting an Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) are different from the properties of quiescent galaxies. We constructed a sample of ~50 AGN at a mean redshift of <z>~0.6 that lack a detectable optical nucleus. This characteristic allows to study the properties of the host galaxies with much higher accuracy than in the case of "normal" AGN which show a prominent central point source in optical images. A comparison sample of X-ray faint, quiescent galaxies at intermediate redshifts shows a clear bimodality in terms of both rest-frame col…
We identify a population of 640 obscured and 839 unobscured AGNs at redshifts 0.7<z<~3 using multiwavelength observations of the 9 deg^2 NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey (NDWFS) region in Bootes. We select AGNs on the basis of Spitzer IRAC colors obtained by the IRAC Shallow Survey. Redshifts are obtained from optical spectroscopy or photometric redshift estimators. We classify the IR-selected AGNs as IRAGN 1 (unobscured) and IRAGN 2 (obscured) using a simple criterion based on the observed optical to mid-IR color, with a selection boundary of R-[4.5]=6.1, where R and [4.5] are the Vega magnitudes …
Powerful extended radio galaxies in the 3CR survey are observed out to redshifts of about 2. For redshifts greater than about 0.3, the average lobe-lobe size of the sources decreases monotonically with redshift for all reasonable cosmological parameter choices. This suggests that the characteristic time for which an AGN produces a highly collimated outflow that powers the radio emission is shorter for the high-redshift sources than it is for low-redshift sources. The fact that the characteristic time for which an AGN produces a collimated outflow decreases with redshift implies that the physic…
The NUGA project is the first high-resolution (0.5''-1'') CO survey of low luminosity AGN including the full sequence of activity types (Seyfert 1--2 and LINERs). NUGA aims to study systematically the different mechanisms for gas fueling of the AGN. In order to reach the critical spatial scales for AGN feeding (<100 pc), we are undertaking high-resolution observations, made at the Plateau de Bure Interferometer, to achieve a sharp view of the distribution and kinematics of molecular gas. In this talk we discuss the latest results of this survey which now includes newly acquired subarcsec resol…
We put constraints on the main cosmological parameters of different spatially flat cosmological models by combining the recent clustering results of XMM-Newton soft (0.5-2 keV) X-ray sources, which have a redshift distribution with median redshift $z\sim 1.2$, and SNIa data. Using a likelihood procedure we find that the model which best reproduces the observational data and that is consistent with stellar ages is the concordance $Λ$CDM model with: $Ω_{\rm m}\simeq 0.28$, $w\simeq -1$, $H_{\circ} \simeq 72$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$, $t_{\circ}\simeq 13.5$Gyr and has an X-ray AGN clustering evolut…
We have identified a large-scale structure at z~0.73 in the COSMOS field, coherently described by the distribution of galaxy photometric redshifts, an ACS weak-lensing convergence map and the distribution of extended X-ray sources in a mosaic of XMM observations. The main peak seen in these maps corresponds to a rich cluster with Tx= 3.51+0.60/-0.46 keV and Lx=(1.56+/-0.04) x 10^{44} erg/s ([0.1-2.4] keV band). We estimate an X-ray mass within $r500$ corresponding to M500~1.6 x 10^{14} Msun and a total lensing mass (extrapolated by fitting a NFW profile) M(NFW)=(6+/-3) x 10^15 Msun. We use an …
We review the high-redshift X-ray selected AGN clustering, based on the XMM/2dF survey, and compare it with other recent XMM-based results. Using the recent Hasinger et al. (2005) and La Franca et al. (2005) luminosity functions we find that the spatial clustering lengths, derived using Limber's inversion equation, are $\sim 17$ and 20 $h^{-1}$ Mpc for the soft and hard band sources while their median redshifts are ${\bar z}\sim 1.2$ and 0.8, respectively. The corresponding bias factors at $z=\bar{z}$ are $\sim 5.3\pm 0.9$ and $\sim 5.1\pm1.1$, respectively. Within the framework of a flat cosm…
We investigate why half of X-ray--selected active galactic nuclei (AGN) in deep surveys lack signs of accretion in their optical spectra. The majority of these ``optically--dull'' AGN are no more than 6 times fainter than their host galaxies in rest-frame R-band; as such, AGN lines are unlikely to be overwhelmed by stellar continuum in at least half the sample. We find that optically--dull AGN have the mid--infrared emission and L(x)/L(IR) ratios characteristic of local Seyferts, suggesting that the cause of optical dullness is not missing UV--optical continua. We compare the morphologies of 2…
We present the first high-redshift galaxy cluster candidate sample from the HIROCS survey found in the COSMOS field. It results from a combination of public COSMOS with proprietary H-band data on a 0.66 square degree part of the COSMOS field and comprises 12 candidates in the redshift range 1.23 < z < 1.55. We find an increasing fraction of blue cluster members with increasing redshift. Many of the blue and even some of the reddest member galaxies exhibit disturbed morphologies as well as signs of interaction.
We model the cosmological co-evolution of galaxies and their central supermassive black holes (BHs) within a semi-analytical framework developed on the outputs of the Millennium Simulation (Croton et al., 2006; De Lucia & Blaizot, 2007). In this work, we analyze the model BH scaling relations, fundamental plane and mass function, and compare them with the most recent observational data. Furthermore, we extend the original code developed by Croton et al. (2006) to follow the evolution of the BH mass accretion and its conversion into radiation, and compare the derived AGN bolometric luminosity f…
We investigate the cosmological evolution of the hard X-ray luminosity function (HXLF) of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) in the 2-10 keV luminosity range of 10^{41.5} - 10^{46.5} erg s^-1 as a function of redshift up to 3. From a combination of surveys conducted at photon energies above 2 keV with HEAO1, ASCA, and Chandra, we construct a highly complete (>96%) sample consisting of 247 AGNs over the wide flux range of 10^{-10} - 3.8*10^{-15} erg cm^-2 s^-1 (2-10 keV). For our purpose, we develop an extensive method of calculating the intrinsic (before-absorption) HXLF and the absorption (N_H) fun…
I briefly describe a few important scientific issues that could be addressed effectively via the combination of data from JDEM and X-ray missions. The topics covered are largely focused on active galactic nuclei (AGN) and include (1) the selection of AGN via X-ray emission and optical variability, (2) nuclear outbursts in galaxies due to transient fueling of their supermassive black holes, (3) moderate-luminosity AGN at high redshift (z > 4) found via application of "dropout" techniques to X-ray sources, and (4) the host-galaxy morphologies of X-ray selected AGN. I also describe the substantia…
