Cosmic Ray淋浴器中的“年龄”和“普遍性”概念
The Concepts of "Age" and "Universality" in Cosmic Ray Showers
摘要：
“年龄”的概念作为描述大气中高能簇射发展状态的参数，几十年来一直在宇宙线研究中使用。在这项工作中，我们简要地讨论了这个概念，最初介绍了描述电磁级联的平均行为，可以卓有成效地应用于描述不同性质的初级粒子，包括质子，原子核和中微子产生的个别阵雨。具有相同年龄的淋浴共享三个不同的重要属性：（i）它们的电子尺寸随深度的增加具有相同的分数变化率，（ii）簇射中的电子和光子的体积（不包括高能粒子）具有由年龄参数唯一确定的形状和相对归一化的能谱，（iii）簇射中的电子和光子在离簇射轴足够远的地方也具有相同的角分布和横向分布。在这项工作中，我们将讨论如何与淋浴年龄的属性可以理解与简单的参数，以及如何的形状的电子和光子光谱和相对归一化，对应于一定的年龄可以计算分析。
英文摘要：
The concept of "age" as a parameter for the description of the state of development of high energy showers in the atmosphere has been in use in cosmic ray studies for several decades. In this work we briefly discuss how this concept, originally introduced to describe the average behavior of electromagnetic cascades, can be fruitfully applied to describe individual showers generated by primary particles of different nature, including protons, nuclei and neutrinos. Showers with the same age share three different important properties: (i) their electron size has the same fractional rate of change with increasing depth, (ii) the bulk of the electrons and photons in the shower (excluding high energy particles) have energy spectra with shapes and relative normalization uniquely determined by the age parameter, (iii) the electrons and photons in the shower have also the same angular and lateral distributions sufficiently far from the shower axis. In this work we discuss how the properties associated with the shower age can be understood with simple arguments, and how the shapes of the electron and photon spectra and the relative normalization that correspond to a certain age can be calculated analytically.
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