We study superconformal defect lines in the tricritical Ising model in 2 dimensions. By the folding trick, a superconformal defect is mapped to a superconformal boundary of the N=1 superconformal unitary minimal model of c=7/5 with D_6-E_6 modular invariant. It turns out that the complete set of the boundary states of c=7/5 D_6-E_6 model cannot be interpreted as the consistent set of superconformal defects in the tricritical Ising model since it does not contain the "no defect" boundary state. Instead, we find a set of 18 consistent superconformal defects including "no defect" and satisfying the Cardy condition. This set also includes some defects which are not purely transmissive or purely reflective.
The Tricritical Ising model perturbed by the subleading energy operator Φ_(3/5) was known to be an Integrable Scattering Theory of massive kinks and in fact preserves supersymmetry. We consider here the model defined on the half-plane with a boundary and computed the associated factorizable boundary S-matrix. The conformal boundary conditions of this model were identified and the corresponding S-matrices were found. We also show how some of these S-matrices can be perturbed and generate ``flows'' between different boundary conditions.
We compute the $S$-matrix of the Tricritical Ising Model perturbed by the subleading magnetic operator using Smirnov's RSOS reduction of the Izergin-Korepin model. We discuss some features of the scattering theory we obtain, in particular a non trivial implementation of crossing-symmetry, interesting connections between the asymptotic behaviour of the amplitudes, the possibility of introducing generalized statistics, and the monodromy properties of the OPE of the unperturbed Conformal Field Theory.
Boundary S matrices for the boundary tricritical Ising field theory (TIM), both with and without supersymmetry, have previously been proposed. Here we provide support for these S matrices by showing that the corresponding boundary entropies are consistent with the expected boundary flows. We develop the fusion procedure for boundary RSOS models, with which we derive exact inversion identities for the TIM. We confirm the TBA description of nonsupersymmetric boundary flows of Lesage et al., and we obtain corresponding descriptions of supersymmetric boundary flows.
We compute the $S$-matrix of the Tricritical Ising Model perturbed by the subleading magnetic operator using Smirnov's RSOS reduction of the Izergin-Korepin model. The massive model contains kink excitations which interpolate between two degenerate asymmetric vacua. As a consequence of the different structure of the two vacua, the crossing symmetry is implemented in a non-trivial way. We use finite-size techniques to compare our results with the numerical data obtained by the Truncated Conformal Space Approach and find good agreement.
We study the integrable and supersymmetric massive $\hatϕ_{(1,3)}$ deformation of the tricritical Ising model in the presence of a boundary. We use constraints from supersymmetry in order to compute the exact boundary $S$-matrices, which turn out to depend explicitly on the topological charge of the supersymmetry algebra. We also solve the general boundary Yang-Baxter equation and show that in appropriate limits the general reflection matrices go over the supersymmetry preserving solutions. Finally, we briefly discuss the possible connection between our reflection matrices and boundary perturb…
We consider the massless tricritical Ising model M(4,5) perturbed by the thermal operator in a cylindrical geometry and apply integrable boundary conditions, labelled by the Kac labels (r,s), that are natural off-critical perturbations of known conformal boundary conditions. We derive massless thermodynamic Bethe ansatz (TBA) equations for all excitations by solving, in the continuum scaling limit, the TBA functional equation satisfied by the double-row transfer matrices of the A_4 lattice model of Andrews, Baxter and Forrester (ABF) in Regime IV. The resulting TBA equations describe the massl…
We argue that it is possible to maintain both supersymmetry and integrability in the boundary tricritical Ising field theory. Indeed, we find two sets of boundary conditions and corresponding boundary perturbations which are both supersymmetric and integrable. The first set corresponds to a ``direct sum'' of two non-supersymmetric theories studied earlier by Chim. The second set corresponds to a one-parameter deformation of another theory studied by Chim. For both cases, the conserved supersymmetry charges are linear combinations of Q, \bar Q and the spin-reversal operator Γ.
Using the technique of mean field theory applied to the lattice boundary Ising and tricritical Ising models we provide a qualitative description of their boundary phase diagrams. We will show this is in agreement with the known picture from boundary conformal field theory and we shall compare our work with that of Cappelli et al and show how their analysis is not in accordance with the physical picture.
The integrable perturbation of the degenerate boundary condition (d) by the $ϕ_{1,3}$ boundary field generates a renormalization group flow down to the superposition of Cardy boundary states (+)&(-). Exact Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz (TBA) equations for all the excited states are derived here extending the results of a previous paper to this case. As an intermediate step, the non-Cardy boundary conformal sector (+)&(-) is also described as the scaling limit of an A_4 lattice model with appropriate integrable boundary conditions and produces the first example of superposition of finitized Viraso…
By considering the continuum scaling limit of the $A_{4}$ RSOS lattice model of Andrews-Baxter-Forrester with integrable boundaries, we derive excited state TBA equations describing the boundary flows of the tricritical Ising model. Fixing the bulk weights to their critical values, the integrable boundary weights admit a parameter $ξ$ which plays the role of the perturbing boundary field $ϕ_{1,3}$ and induces the renormalization group flow between boundary fixed points. The boundary TBA equations determining the RG flows are derived in the $\mathcal{B}_{(1,2)}\to \mathcal{B}_{(2,1)}$ example. …
We study disk amplitudes whose boundaries have heterogeneous matter states in a system of $(4,5)$ conformal matter coupled to 2-dim gravity. They are analysed by using the 3-matrix chain model in the large $N$ limit. Each of the boundaries is composed of two or three parts with distinct matter states. From the obtained amplitudes, it turns out that each heterogeneous boundary loop splits into several loops and we can observe properties in the splitting phenomena that are common to each of them. We also discuss the relation to boundary operators.
We consider the massive tricritical Ising model M(4,5) perturbed by the thermal operator phi_{1,3} in a cylindrical geometry and apply integrable boundary conditions, labelled by the Kac labels (r,s), that are natural off-critical perturbations of known conformal boundary conditions. We derive massive thermodynamic Bethe ansatz (TBA) equations for all excitations by solving, in the continuum scaling limit, the TBA functional equation satisfied by the double-row transfer matrices of the A_4 lattice model of Andrews, Baxter and Forrester (ABF) in Regime III. The complete classification of excita…
We study the decay of the false vacuum in the scaling Ising and tricritical Ising field theories using the Truncated Conformal Space Approach and compare the numerical results to theoretical predictions in the thin wall limit. In the Ising case, the results are consistent with previous studies on the quantum spin chain and the $φ^4$ quantum field theory; in particular we confirm that while the theoretical predictions get the dependence of the bubble nucleation rate on the latent heat right, they are off by a model dependent overall coefficient. The tricritical Ising model allows us on the othe…
We consider the universality class of the two-dimensional Tricritical Ising Model. The scaling form of the free-energy naturally leads to the definition of universal ratios of critical amplitudes which may have experimental relevance. We compute these universal ratios by a combined use of results coming from Perturbed Conformal Field Theory, Integrable Quantum Field Theory and numerical methods.
We show how a lattice approach can be used to derive Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz (TBA) equations describing all excitations for boundary flows. The method is illustrated for a prototypical flow of the tricritical Ising model by considering the continuum scaling limit of the A4 lattice model with integrable boundaries. Fixing the bulk weights to their critical values, the integrable boundary weights admit two boundary fields $ξ$ and $η$ which play the role of the perturbing boundary fields $ϕ_{1,3}$ and $ϕ_{1,2}$ inducing the renormalization group flow between boundary fixed points. The excitati…
We give further support to Smirnov's conjecture on the exact kink S-matrix for the massive Quantum Field Theory describing the integrable perturbation of the c=0.7 minimal Conformal Field theory (known to describe the tri-critical Ising model) by the operator $ϕ_{2,1}$. This operator has conformal dimensions $(7/16,7/16)$ and is identified with the subleading magnetic operator of the tri-critical Ising model. In this paper we apply the Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz (TBA) approach to the kink scattering theory by explicitly utilising its relationship with the solvable lattice hard hexagon model. A…
The most relevant thermal perturbation of the continuous d=2 minimal conformal theory with c=7/10 (Tricritical Ising Model) is treated here. This model describes the scaling region of the phi^6 universality class near the tricritical point. The problematic IR divergences of the naive perturbative expansion around conformal theories are dealt within the OPE approach developed at all orders by the authors. The main result is a description of the short distance behaviour of correlators that is compared with existing long distance expansion (form factors approach) related to the integrability of t…
We consider the minimal conformal model describing the tricritical Ising model on the disk and on the upper half plane. Using the coulomb-gas formalism we determine its consistents boundary states as well as its 1-point and 2-point correlation functions.
We investigate the tricritical Ising model in complex magnetic field in order to characterize the analytic structure of its free energy. By supplementing analytic methods with the truncation of conformal space technique we obtain nonperturbative data even if the field theories we consider are not integrable. The existence of edge singularities analogous to the Lee-Yang points in the Ising field theory is confirmed. A surprising result, due to the conformal dimensions of the operators involved, is the appearance of two branching points which seems appealing to identify with a pair of complex co…
We consider the tricritical Ising model on a strip or cylinder under the integrable perturbation by the thermal $ϕ_{1,3}$ boundary field. This perturbation induces five distinct renormalization group (RG) flows between Cardy type boundary conditions labelled by the Kac labels $(r,s)$. We study these boundary RG flows in detail for all excitations. Exact Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz (TBA) equations are derived using the lattice approach by considering the continuum scaling limit of the $A_4$ lattice model with integrable boundary conditions. Fixing the bulk weights to their critical values, the i…
We propose a supersymmetric generalization of Cardy's equation for consistent N=1 superconformal boundary states. We solve this equation for the superconformal minimal models SM(p/p+2) with p odd, and thereby provide a classification of the possible superconformal boundary conditions. In addition to the Neveu-Schwarz (NS) and Ramond (R) boundary states, there are NS~ states. The NS and NS~ boundary states are related by a Z_2 "spin-reversal" transformation. We treat the tricritical Ising model as an example, and in an appendix we discuss the (non-superconformal) case of the Ising model.
We study the massless flows described by the staircase model introduced by Al.B. Zamolodchikov through the analytic continuation of the sinh-Gordon S-matrix, focusing on the renormalisation group flow from the tricritical to the critical Ising model. We show that the properly defined roaming limits of certain sinh-Gordon form factors are identical to the form factors of the order and disorder operators for the massless flow. As a by-product, we also construct form factors for a semi-local field in the sinh-Gordon model, which can be associated with the twist field in the ultraviolet limiting f…
The exact perturbation approach is used to derive the (seven) elementary correlation lengths and related mass gaps of the two-dimensional dilute A$_4$ lattice model in regime 2- from the Bethe ansatz solution. This model provides a realisation of the integrable $ϕ(1,2)$ perturbation of the c=7/10 conformal field theory, which is known to describe the off-critical thermal behaviour of the tricritical Ising model. The E$_7$ masses predicted from purely elastic scattering theory follow in the approach to criticality. Universal amplitudes for the tricritical Ising model are calculated.
A model describing Ising spins with short range interactions moving randomly in a plane is considered. In the presence of a hard core repulsion, which prevents the Ising spins from overlapping, the model is analogous to a dynamically triangulated Ising model with spins constrained to move on a flat surface. It is found that as a function of coupling strength and hard core repulsion the model exhibits multicritical behavior, with first and second order transition lines terminating at a tricritical point. The thermal and magnetic exponents computed at the tricritical point are consistent with th…
Tricriticality, as a sister of criticality, is a fundamental and absorbing issue in condensed matter physics. It has been verified that the bosonic Wilson-Fisher universality class can be changed by gapless fermionic modes at criticality. However, the counterpart phenomena at tricriticality have rarely been explored. In this paper, we study a model in which a tricritical Ising model is coupled to massless Dirac fermions. We find that the massless Dirac fermions result in the emergence of a new tricritical point, which we refer to as the chiral tricritical point (CTP), at the phase boundary bet…
We study the tricritical Ising universality class using conformal bootstrap techniques. By studying bootstrap constraints originating from multiple correlators on the CFT data of multiple OPEs, we are able to determine the scaling dimension of the spin field $Δ_σ$ in various non-integer dimensions $2 \le d \le 3$. $Δ_σ$ is connected to the critical exponent $η$ that governs the (tri-)critical behaviour of the two point function via the relation, $η= 2 - d + 2 Δ_σ$. Our results for $Δ_σ$ match with the exactly known values in two and three dimensions and are a conjecture for non-integer dimensi…
We analyze the evolution of the particle spectrum of the Tricritical Ising Model by varying the couplings of the energy and vacancy density fields. The particle content changes from the spectrum of a supersymmetric theory (either of an exact or a spontaneously broken supersymmetric theory) to the spectrum of seven particles related to the underlying E_7 structure. In the low temperature phase some of these excitations are topologically charged particles that are stable under an arbitrary variation of the parameters. The high and low temperature phases of the model are related by duality. In so…
Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Fermi”, Università di Pisa and INFN, sezione di Pisa（比萨大学费米物理系和意大利国家核物理研究所比萨分部）；Université Paris–Saclay, CEA, Institut de Physique Théorique（巴黎-萨克雷大学法国原子能和替代能源委员会理论物理研究所）；Theoretical Physics Department, CERN（欧洲核子研究中心理论物理部）
The scaling form of the free-energy near a critical point allows for the definition of various thermodynamical amplitudes and the determination of their dependence on the microscopic non-universal scales. Universal quantities can be obtained by considering special combinations of the amplitudes. Together with the critical exponents they characterize the universality classes and may be useful quantities for their experimental identification. We compute the universal amplitude ratios for the Tricritical Ising Model in two dimensions by using several theoretical methods from Perturbed Conformal F…
We introduce and analyze a quantum spin/Majorana chain with a tricritical Ising point separating a critical phase from a gapped phase with order-disorder coexistence. We show that supersymmetry is not only an emergent property of the scaling limit, but manifests itself on the lattice. Namely, we find explicit lattice expressions for the supersymmetry generators and currents. Writing the Hamiltonian in terms of these generators allows us to find the ground states exactly at a frustration-free coupling. These confirm the coexistence between two (topologically) ordered ground states and a disorde…
Two sets of identities between unitary minimal Virasoro characters at levels $m=3,4,5$ are presented and proven. The first identity suggests a connection between the Ising and tricritical Ising models since the $m=3$ Virasoro characters are obtained as bilinears of $m=4$ Virasoro characters. The second identity gives the tricritical Ising model characters as bilinears in the Ising model characters and the six combinations of $m=5$ Virasoro characters which do not appear in the spectrum of the three state Potts model. The implication of these identities on the study of the branching rules of $N…
We study the leading and sub-leading magnetic perturbations of the thermal $E_7$ integrable deformation of the tricritical Ising model. In the low-temperature phase, these magnetic perturbations lead to the confinement of the kinks of the model. The resulting meson spectrum can be obtained using the semi-classical quantisation, here extended to include also mesonic excitations composed of two different kinks. An interesting feature of the integrable sub-leading magnetic perturbation of the thermal $E_7$ deformation of the model is the possibility to swap the role of the two operators, i.e. the…
The magnetic deformation of the Ising Model, the thermal deformations of both the Tricritical Ising Model and the Tricritical Potts Model are governed by an algebraic structure based on the Dynkin diagram associated to the exceptional algebras $E_n$ (respectively for $n=8,7,6$). We make use of these underlying structures as well as of the discrete symmetries of the models to compute the matrix elements of the stress--energy tensor and its two--point correlation function by means of the spectral representation method.
The thermal deformation of the critical point action of the 2D tricritical Ising model gives rise to an exact scattering theory with seven massive excitations based on the exceptional $E_7$ Lie algebra. The high and low temperature phases of this model are related by duality. This duality guarantees that the leading and sub-leading magnetisation operators, $σ(x)$ and $σ'(x)$, in either phase are accompanied by associated disorder operators, $μ(x)$ and $μ'(x)$. Working specifically in the high temperature phase, we write down the sets of bootstrap equations for these four operators. For $σ(x)$ …
A model describing Ising spins with short range interactions moving randomly in a plane is considered. In the presence of a hard core repulsion, which prevents the Ising spins from overlapping, the model is analogous to a dynamically triangulated Ising model with spins constrained to move on a flat surface. As a function of coupling strength and hard core repulsion the model exhibits multicritical behavior, with first and second order transition lines terminating at a tricritical point. The thermal and magnetic exponents computed at the tricritical point are consistent with the KPZ values asso…
Using results of the thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz approach and conformal perturbation theory we argue that the $ϕ_{1,3}$-perturbation of a unitary minimal $(1+1)$-dimensional conformal field theory (CFT) in the $D$-series of modular invariant partition functions induces a renormalization group (RG) flow to the next-lower model in the $D$-series. An exception is the first model in the series, the 3-state Potts CFT, which under the $\ZZ_2$-even $ϕ_{1,3}$-perturbation flows to the tricritical Ising CFT, the second model in the $A$-series. We present arguments that in the $A$-series flow correspondi…
Emergent superconformal symmetry in the phase diagram of a 1D $\mathbb{Z}_{2}$ lattice gauge theory
Karlstad University（卡尔斯特大学）；Andronikashvili Institute of Physics（安德罗尼卡什维利物理研究所）；Ilia State University（伊利亚州立大学）；Heinrich-Heine-Universität（海因里希·海涅大学）；Nordita, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University（诺迪塔，皇家理工学院与斯德哥尔摩大学）
We use Monte Carlo simulations to study a dynamically triangulated disk with Ising spins on the vertices and a boundary magnetic field. For the case of zero magnetic field we show that the model possesses three phases. For one of these the boundary length grows linearly with disk area, while the other two phases are characterized by a boundary whose size is on the order of the cut-off. A line of continuous magnetic transitions separates the two small boundary phases. We determine the critical exponents of the continuous magnetic phase transition and relate them to predictions from continuum 2-…
