在河外激波模式II中Cosmic Ray可变性的大气结果：修正的电离能级及其结果
Atmospheric Consequences of Cosmic Ray Variability in the Extragalactic Shock Model II: Revised ionization levels and their consequences
摘要：
有人认为，银河系撞击室女星系团引起的星系激波不对称性可能是太阳系垂直于银道面振荡时宇宙射线暴露周期性的来源。在这里，我们调查了一种机制，宇宙射线可能会影响地球的生物多样性，电离和大气中的离解，导致臭氧消耗和增加的危险的太阳UVB通量在地面上，与改进的电离背景计算平均在一个大规模的合奏（约7 × 10^5）阵雨模拟。我们研究最小和充分暴露于假设的河外背景。大气的影响比我们早期的简化电离模型更大。在范围的低端，影响太小，不会造成严重后果。在该范围的上限，臭氧柱密度的全球平均损失约为6%，超过了目前由于累积的氯氟烃等影响而经历的损失。它的强度比附近的超新星或银河系的伽马射线暴要小，但持续时间要长10^6倍。目前的UVB增强从目前的臭氧消耗~3%是一个记录的压力生物圈，但在我们的范围的上端发现的幅度消耗将增加一倍的全球平均UVB通量。就地质时期宇宙射线变异范围上限的估计而言，大气臭氧消耗机制可能会造成重大的生物压力，从而很容易造成生物多样性的重大损失。未来的高能天体物理观测将解决这种耗尽是否可能的问题。
英文摘要：
It has been suggested that galactic shock asymmetry induced by our galaxy's infall toward the Virgo Cluster may be a source of periodicity in cosmic ray exposure as the solar system oscillates perpendicular to the galactic plane. Here we investigate a mechanism by which cosmic rays might affect terrestrial biodiversity, ionization and dissociation in the atmosphere, resulting in depletion of ozone and a resulting increase in the dangerous solar UVB flux on the ground, with an improved ionization background computation averaged over a massive ensemble (about 7 x 10^5) shower simulations. We study minimal and full exposure to the postulated extragalactic background. The atmospheric effects are greater than with our earlier, simplified ionization model. At the lower end of the range effects are too small to be of serious consequence. At the upper end of the range, ~6 % global average loss of ozone column density exceeds that currently experienced due to effects such as accumulated chlorofluorocarbons. The intensity is less than a nearby supernova or galactic gamma-ray burst, but the duration would be about 10^6 times longer. Present UVB enhancement from current ozone depletion ~3% is a documented stress on the biosphere, but a depletion of the magnitude found at the upper end of our range would double the global average UVB flux. For estimates at the upper end of the range of the cosmic ray variability over geologic time, the mechanism of atmospheric ozone depletion may provide a major biological stress, which could easily bring about major loss of biodiversity. Future high energy astrophysical observations will resolve the question of whether such depletion is likely.
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