浅海底和沉积物特性的探测，最近的历史
Sensing Shallow Seafloor and Sediment Properties, Recent History
摘要：
娱乐、商业和军事应用都需要近地表海底特性。在海洋海床上的建设项目通常需要关于强度、变形性、液压、热、声学和地震特性的广泛知识，以定位稳定的环境，并确保海洋沉积物表面上和埋藏在海洋沉积物中的结构、管道和其他装置的正常功能。军方还对各种海底特性感兴趣，因为它们影响声音传播、地雷撞击掩埋、通行能力、承载能力、随时间变化的沉降和海底物体的稳定性。沉积物特性的点测量是使用岩心取样器和沉积物抓斗装置（随后进行实验室分析）和现场探测器进行的。这些技术在运输时间方面是昂贵的，并且提供有限的区域覆盖。海底下声学和电磁传感器可以提供覆盖率更高的近表层沉积物信息剖面图。目前正在开发融合技术，以提供来自多个传感器的沉积物信息的覆盖范围。本文审查了用于测量海底上部和浅水（<100米）中沉积物特性的技术的最新历史。
英文摘要：
Near surface seafloor properties are needed for recreational, commercial, and military applications. Construction projects on the ocean seafloors often require extensive knowledge about strength, deformability, hydraulic, thermal, acoustic, and seismic characteristics for locating stable environments and ensuring proper functioning of structures, pipelines, and other installations on the surface of and buried into the marine sediments. The military is also interested in a variety of seafloor properties as they impact sound propagation, mine impact burial, trafficability, bearing capacity, time-dependent settlement, and stability of objects on the seafloor. Point measurements of sediment properties are done using core samplers and sediment grab devices (with subsequent lab analysis) and in-situ probes. These techniques are expensive in terms of ship time and provide limited area coverage. Sub-bottom acoustic and electromagnetic sensors can provide profiles of near surface sediment information with improved coverage rates. Fusion techniques are being developed to provide areal extent of sediment information from multiple sensors. This paper examines the recent history of techniques used to measure sediment properties in the upper portions of the seafloor and in shallow (<100m) water.
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