Phenomenological implications of a minimal extension to the Standard Model are considered, in which a Nambu-Goldstone boson emerges from the spontaneous breaking of a global U(1) symmetry. This is felt only by a scalar field which is a singlet under all Standard Model symmetries, and possibly by neutrinos. Mixing between the Standard Model Higgs boson field and the new singlet field may lead to predominantly invisible Higgs boson decays. The "natural" region in the Higgs boson mass spectrum is determined, where this minimally extended Standard Model is a valid theory up to a high scale related with the smallness of neutrino masses. Surprisingly, this region may coincide with low visibility of all Higgs bosons at the LHC. Monte-Carlo simulation studies of this "nightmare" situation are performed and strategies to search for such Higgs boson to invisible (Nambu-Goldstone boson) decays are discussed. It is possible to improve the signal-to-background ratio by looking at the distribution of either the total transverse momentum of the leptons and the missing transverse momentum, or by looking at the distribution of the azimuthal angle between the missing transverse momentum and the momentum of the lepton pair for the Z- and Higgs-boson associated production. We also study variations of the model with non-Abelian symmetries and present approximate formulae for Higgs boson decay rates. Searching for Higgs bosons in such a scenario at the LHC would most likely be solely based on Higgs to "invisible" decays.
We discuss the cosmic ray spectra in annihilating/decaying Nambu-Goldstone dark matter models. The recent observed positron/electron excesses at PAMELA and Fermi experiments are well fitted by the dark matter with a mass of 3TeV for the annihilating model, while with a mass of 6 TeV for the decaying model. We also show that the Nambu-Goldstone dark matter models predict a distinctive gamma-ray spectrum in a certain parameter space.
We reconsider the two different facets of $π$ and $K$ mesons as $q \bar q$ bound states and approximate Nambu-Goldstone bosons. We address several topics, including masses, mass splittings between $π$ and $ρ$ and between $K$ and $K^*$, meson wavefunctions, charge radii, and the $K-π$ wavefunction overlap.
The composite Higgs scenario, in which the Higgs emerges as a composite pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson, is extensively reviewed in these Notes. The material is presented in a pedagogical fashion, with great emphasis on the conceptual and technical foundations of the construction. A comprehensive summary of the flavor, collider and electroweak precision phenomenology is also presented.
We pursue a possibility that a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson is lurking around or below the intermediate scale. To this end we consider an anomaly-free global flavor symmetry, and construct models where the pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson is coupled preferentially to leptons. The experimental and astrophysical bounds derived from couplings to photons and nucleons are significantly relaxed. If sufficiently light, the pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson contributes to dark matter, and interestingly, it generally decays into photons through couplings arising from threshold corrections. We show that the rece…
In the standard model extended by a single complex scalar boson with a softly broken global U(1) symmetry, a pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson becomes a candidate for dark matter. In this paper, we discuss the direct detection of the pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson dark matter. Since the tree-level amplitude for dark matter-nucleon scattering vanishes, higher order quantum corrections for the amplitude should be taken into account. We perform the calculation at the next-to-leading order in QCD in a systematic manner.
We derive some properties of the Nambu-Goldstone boson coupling in theories that have CP violation and Majorana masses. We show explicitly that its diagonal coupling to a Majorana fermion is pseudoscalar not scalar. This clarifies some confusion in the literature. Some potentially useful off-diagonal properties are also derived. We also show, in the process, that the Goldstone theorem often produces interesting and nontrivial identities in matrix theory which may be hard to prove otherwise.
Pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone dark matter connected to Standard Model fermion through the Higgs portal has the property that its direct detection vanishes in the zero momentum transfer limit due to a cancellation mechanism. This feature helps the Pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone dark matter to escape the stringent constraints from direct detection experiments. In this paper we explore new constraints on parameter space of non-zero momentum transfer from the direct detection experiments, and also from the neutron star temperature via the dark matter reheating mechanism.
We calculate the scattering lengths of Nambu-Goldstone bosons interacting with $D$ mesons in a covariant formulation of chiral perturbation theory, which satisfies heavy-quark spin symmetry and analytical properties of loop amplitudes. We compare our results with previous studies performed using heavy meson chiral perturbation theory and show that recoil corrections are sizable in most cases.
We discuss the Top Mode pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson Higgs (TMpNGBH) model which has recently been proposed as a variant of the top quark condensate model in light of the 125 GeV Higgs boson discovered at the LHC. In this talk, we focus on the vacuum alignment and the phenomenologies of characteristic particles of the TMpNGBH model.
We study a dark matter model with one singlet complex scalar and two Higgs doublets. The scalar potential respects a softly broken global symmetry, which makes the imaginary part of the singlet become a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson acting as a dark matter candidate. The pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone nature of the boson leads to the vanishing of its tree-level scattering amplitude off nucleons at zero momentum transfer. Therefore, although the interaction strength could be sufficiently large to yield a viable relic abundance via thermal mechanism, direct detection is incapable of probing this candidat…
This is an introduction to theories where the Higgs is a composite Nambu-Goldstone boson of a new strongly-interacting dynamics not much above the weak scale. A general discussion is presented based on the pattern of global symmetries at low energy, and the analogy with the QCD pion is analyzed. The last part of the lectures shows how a composite Higgs can emerge as the hologram of a 5-dimensional gauge field.
We investigate a possibility that our four-dimensional world is a brane-like object embedded in a higher dimensional spacetime. In such a situation, the transverse coordinates of the brane become the Nambu-Goldstone bosons which appear as a result of spontaneous breaking of the translation symmetry. We determine the form of the effective action of the system, finding the explicit form of the vierbein induced on the brane in terms of the Nambu-Goldstone boson variables and the bulk vielbein. As was pointed out in the previous paper, the Kaluza-Klein mode couplings are suppressed by the effect o…
We derive the general structure of dimension-six derivative interactions in the N Higgs doublet models, where Higgs fields arise as pseudo Nambu-Goldstone modes of a strongly interacting sector. We show that there are several relations among the dimension-six operators, and therefore the number of independent operators decreases compared with models on which only SU(2)_L x U(1)_Y invariance is imposed. As an explicit example, we derive scattering amplitudes of longitudinal gauge bosons and Higgs bosons at high energy on models involving two Higgs doublets, and compare them with the amplitudes …
We review the spectrum of lightest scalar resonances recently determined using dispersion techniques. The conceptual difference between the pole mass and the bare mass (or the line--shape mass) is stressed. The nature of the lightest scalars are discussed and we argue, without relying on any model details, that the $σ(500)$, $κ(700)$, $a_0(980)$ and $f_0(980)$ may be understood as chiral partners of the Nambu--Goldstone bosons in the linear realization of chiral symmetry. But there remains some difficulties in understanding the role of $f_0(980)$ in this picture.
We consider a model of dynamical neutrino masses via the see-saw mechanism. Nambu-Goldstone bosons (majorons) arise associated with the formation of the heavy right-handed majorana masses. These bosons then acquire naturally soft masses (become pNGB's) at loop level via the Higgs-Yukawa mass terms. These models, like the original neutrino pNGB quintessence schemes of the 1980's that proceed through the Dirac masses, are natural, have cosmological implications through mass varying neutrinos, long range forces, and provide a soft potential for dark energy. We further argue that these models can …
It has been found that a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson dark matter suppresses the amplitude for elastic scattering with nuclei in non-relativistic limit, and thus can naturally evade the strong constraint of dark matter direct detection experiments. In this paper, we show that non-zero elastic scattering cross section can be induced if the mediator mass is as small as momentum transfer. The predicted recoil energy spectrum can differ from that for usual thermal dark matter. Together with the relevant constraints such as thermal relic abundance, indirect detection and Higgs decays, we investigat…
It is shown that a true Nambu-Goldstone (NG) boson develops a coherent long-range field whenever the charge associated with it that is carried by the other particles is not conserved in a macroscopic scale. The source of a NG field is the time rate of quantum number violation. If the lepton numbers are spontaneously broken at a scale below 1 TeV, the neutrino oscillation processes generate long-range majoron fields that are strong enough in Supernovae to modify the neutrino flavor dynamics. Two examples are given: NG fields may improve the adiabaticity of $ν_{e}\leftrightarrow ν_{X}$ transitio…
We study the q \bar q structure embedded in chiral mesons in response to external magnetic fields, using the chiral Lagrangian with q \bar q degrees of freedom derived earlier. We show that GMOR relations hold true for neutral chiral mesons, while they are violated for the charged ones for eB>sigma=0.2 GeV^2. The standard chiral perturbation theory also fails in this region. Masses of pi^+ and pi^0 mesons are calculated and compared to lattice data.
Pions and kaons have double nature: the chiral dynamics of Nambu-Goldstone bosons together with the usual string dynamics common to all mesons. To uncover the interplay of both dynamics the effective chiral Lagrangian is derived from the QCD Lagrangian using the Field Correlator Method and the pion self-energy (mass) operator is written explicitly. The latter contains an infinite number of poles, but normalized to zero at zero momentum because of spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking. As a result one obtains the Gell-Mann-Oakes-Renner relation for the ground state pion and (slightly shifted by …
It is shown that a Nambu-Goldstone (NG) field may be coherently produced by a large number of particles in spite of the fact that the NG bosons do not couple to flavor conserving scalar densities like $\barψψ$. If a flavor oscillation process takes place the phases of the pseudo-scalar or flavor violating densities of different particles do not necessarily cancel each other. The NG boson gets a macroscopic source whenever the total (spontaneously broken) quantum number carried by the source particles suffers a net increase or decrease in time. If the lepton numbers are spontaneously broken suc…
We consider cases where the dark matter-nucleon interaction is naturally suppressed. We explicitly show that by extending the standard model scalar sector by a number of singlets, can lead to a vanishing direct detection cross section, if some softly broken symmetries are imposed in the dark sector. In particular, it is shown that if said symmetries are $SU(2)$ ($SU(N)$) and $U(1) \times S_N$, then the resulting pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons can constitute the dark matter of the Universe, while naturally explaining the missing signal in nuclear recoil experiments.
We review recent progress of understanding and resolving instabilities driven by mismatch between the Fermi surfaces of the pairing quarks in 2-flavor color superconductor. With the increase of mismatch, the 2SC phase exhibits chromomagnetic instability as well as color neutral baryon current instability. We describe the 2SC phase in the nonlinear realization framework, and show that each instability indicates the spontaneous generation of the corresponding pseudo Nambu-Golstone current. The Nambu-Goldstone currents generation state covers the gluon phase as well as the one-plane wave LOFF sta…
We propose an ultraviolet completion model for pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone dark matter with a hidden $\mathrm{U}(1)$ gauge symmetry. Compared to previous studies, this setup is simpler, introducing less interactions. Dark matter scattering off nucleons is highly suppressed by the ultraviolet scale and direct detection constraints can be easily evaded. The kinetic mixing between the hidden $\mathrm{U}(1)$ and the $\mathrm{U}(1)_\mathrm{Y}$ gauge fields would lead to dark matter decays. We find that the current bound on the dark matter lifetime implies that the ultraviolet scale should be higher than…
We consider an extension of the Standard Model with the global symmetry breaking pattern SO(5)/SO(4), where the Higgs boson arises as a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson. The scalar content of the theory consists of a Standard-Model-like Higgs field and an extra real scalar field. The flavour sector of the model is extended by two right-handed neutrinos compatible with the observed light-neutrino phenomenology, and we find that the correct vacuum alignment determines the mass of the heavier neutrino eigenstate to be around 80 TeV. The new singlet-scalar state generates dynamically a Majorana mass t…
We investigate the color-singlet order parameters and the quark description of the Nambu-Goldstone (NG) bosons in the color-flavor locked (CFL) phase. We put emphasis on the NG boson (phason) called ``H'' associated with the $\mathrm{U_B(1)}$ symmetry breaking. We qualitatively argue the nature of H as the second sound in the hydrodynamic regime. We articulate, based on a diquark picture, how the structural change of the condensates and the associated NG bosons occurs continuously from hadronic to CFL quark matter if the quark-hadron continuity is realized. We sharpen the qualitative differenc…
We study gravitational quantum mechanics violating (QMV) effects to masses of Nambu-Goldstone bosons, taking majoron as an example. We show a supersymmetric majoron has either mass of O(keV) for the dimension five potential or smaller mass for effective potentials with higher dimensions. We extend the Dashen's formula for pseudo Nambu-Goldstone bosons to include possible effects of QMV.
A pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson (pNGB) is an attractive candidate for dark matter since the current severe limits of dark matter direct detection experiments are naturally evaded by its nature. We construct a model with pNGB dark matter based on a {\it gauged} $U(1)_{B-L}$ symmetry, where no ad-hoc global symmetry is assumed. The model keeps natural suppression mechanism for the dark matter direct detection cross section. On the other hand, the pNGB can decay through the new high scale suppressed operators. We show that the pNGB has long enough lifetime to be a dark matter in the wide range of …
We consider a scale invariant extension of the standard model (SM) with a combined breaking of conformal and electroweak symmetry in a strongly interacting hidden $SU(n_c)$ gauge sector with $n_f$ vector-like hidden fermions. The (pseudo) Nambu-Goldstone bosons that arise due to dynamical chiral symmetry breaking are dark matter (DM) candidates. We focus on $n_f=n_c=3$, where $SU(3)$ is the largest symmetry group of hidden flavor which can be explicitly broken into either $U(1) \times U(1)$ or $SU(2)\times U(1)$. We study DM properties and discuss consistent parameter space for each case. Beca…
A natural scenario for the generation of neutrino masses is the see-saw mechanism, in which a large right-handed neutrino mass makes the left-handed neutrinos light. We review a special case when the Majorana masses originate from spontaneous breaking of a global U(1)XU(1) symmetry. The interactions of the right-handed with the left-handed neutrinos at the electorweak scale further break the global symmetry giving mass to one pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson (pNGB). The pNGB can then generate a long-range force. Leptogenesis occurs through decays of heavy neutrinos into the light ones and Higgs pa…
The capability of the linear collider to discover and study the lightest neutral pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson P_0 of dynamical symmetry breaking models in the e+e- and gamma gamma modes is presented. For a number of technicolor N_TC=4, the discovery of the P_0 at an e+e- collider via the reaction e+e- -> gamma P_0 should be possible for an integrated luminosity of L=100 fb^-1 at E=500 GeV as long as m_{P_0} is not near m_Z. In the gamma gamma collider mode the gamma gamma -> P_0 -> b anti b signal should be very robust and could be measured with high statistical accuracy for a broad range of m…
The counting rule for Nambu-Goldstone modes is discussed using Mori's projection operator method in nonrelativistic systems at zero and finite temperatures. We show that the number of Nambu-Goldstone modes is equal to the number of broken charges, Q_a, minus half the rank of the expectation value of [Q_a,Q_b].
A possibility of existence of a pseudovector-type quark-antiquark condensate in the quark matter and Nambu-Goldstone modes on that condensate in the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model
We study the early kinetic decoupling effect in a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone (pNG) dark matter (DM) model. The pNG DM scattering processes with particles in the thermal bath in the early Universe are suppressed by the small momentum transfer. As a result, kinetic equilibrium is not maintained, and the temperature of DM is different from the temperature of the thermal bath at the freeze-out era. This temperature difference affects the thermal relic abundance of DM. We investigate the early kinetic decoupling in the Higgs resonance region, 50 GeV $\lesssim m_χ\lesssim m_h/2$, where $m_χ$ is the mass…
The hierarchy of the Yukawa couplings is an outstanding problem of the standard model. We present a class of models in which the first and second generation fermions are SUSY partners of pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons that parameterize a non-compact Kahler manifold, explaining the small values of these fermion masses relative to those of the third generation. We also provide an example of such a model. We find that various regions of the parameter space in this scenario can give the correct dark matter abundance, and that nearly all of these regions evade other phenomenological constraints. We …
A model of the pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone (pNG) dark matter (DM) is proposed. We assume that there is an $SU(2)_g$ global symmetry and a $U(1)_X$ gauge symmetry in the dark sector, and they are spontaneously broken into a $U(1)_D$ global symmetry after a scalar field develops a vacuum expectation value. We add a soft symmetry breaking term that breaks the $SU(2)_g$ global symmetry into the $U(1)_g$ global symmetry explicitly. Our model predicts a stable complex pNG particle under the $U(1)_D$ global symmetry. One of the virtues of the pNG DM models is that the models can explain the current null r…
We consider an extended Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model including both (q \bar q)- and (qq)-interactions with two light-quark flavors in the presence of a single (quark density) chemical potential. In the color superconducting phase of the quark matter the color SU(3) symmetry is spontaneously broken down to SU(2). If the usual counting of Goldstone bosons would apply, five Nambu-Goldstone (NG) bosons corresponding to the five broken color generators should appear in the mass spectrum. Unlike that expectation, we find only three gapless diquark excitations of quark matter. One of them is an SU(2)-si…
We propose a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson (pNGB) dark matter (DM) model based on an additional non-Abelian gauge symmetry $SU(2)_D$. The gauge symmetry $SU(2)_D$ is spontaneously broken to a global custodial symmetry $U(1)_V$ via the nonvanishing vacuum expectation values of $SU(2)_D$ doublet and triplet scalar fields. Due to the exact global symmetry $U(1)_V$, the lightest $U(1)_V$ charged particle becomes stable. We assume that the lightest charged particle in the model is the charged complex pNGB, which we regard as DM. It avoids the strong constraints from current DM direct detection exper…
We calculate the leading radiative corrections to the dark-matter-nucleon scattering in the pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone dark matter model augmented with a second Higgs doublet (S2HDM). In this model, the cross sections for the scattering of the dark-matter on nuclei vanishes at tree-level in the limit of zero momentum-transfer due to a U(1) symmetry. However, this symmetry is softly broken in order to give a mass to the dark-matter particle. As a consequence, non-vanishing scattering cross sections arise at the loop level. We find that the current cross-section limits from dark-matter direct-detect…
We outline a scenario where both the Higgs and a complex scalar dark matter candidate arise as the pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons of breaking a global $SO(7)$ symmetry to $SO(6)$. The novelty of our construction is that the symmetry partners of the Standard Model top-quark are charged under a hidden color group and not the usual $SU(3)_c$. Consequently, the scale of spontaneous symmetry breaking and the masses of the top partners can be significantly lower than those with colored top partners. Taking these scales to be lower at once makes the model more natural and also reduces the induced non-…
We study a scalar zero mode originated from extradimensional components of a gauge field in a six-dimensional theory compactified on a magnetized torus. We confirm it is a Nambu-Goldstone boson of the translational symmetry on the torus which is breaking spontaneously due to magnetic flux. We also show explicitly it is massless up to the two-loop level. Moreover, we discuss full order contributions by considering the effective potential.
Having so far only indirect evidence for the existence of Dark Matter a plethora of experiments aims at direct detection of Dark Matter through the scattering of Dark Matter particles off atomic nuclei. For the correct interpretation and identification of the underlying nature of the Dark Matter constituents higher-order corrections to the cross section of Dark Matter-nucleon scattering are important, in particular in models where the tree-level cross section is negligibly small. In this work we revisit the electroweak corrections to the dark matter-nucleon scattering cross section in a model …
We present a new mechanism of fluctuation-induced Nambu-Goldstone bosons in a scalar field theory of Higgs-Josephson systems. We consider a simple scalar field model with $U(1)^n$ rotational symmetry. When there is an interaction which violates the rotational symmetry, the Nambu-Goldstone bosons become massive and massless bosons are concealed. We present a model where the massive boson becomes a massless boson as a result of the perturbative fluctuation. In our model the ${\bf Z}_2$-symmetry associated with the chirality is also broken. The transition occurs as a (weak) first-order transition…
We discuss spontaneous symmetry breaking of open classical and quantum systems. When a continuous symmetry is spontaneously broken in an open system, a gapless excitation mode appears corresponding to the Nambu-Goldstone mode. Unlike isolated systems, the gapless mode is not always a propagation mode, but it is a diffusion one. Using the Ward-Takahashi identity and the effective action formalism, we establish the Nambu-Goldstone theorem in open systems, and derive the low-energy coefficients that determine the dispersion relation of Nambu-Goldstone modes. Using these coefficients, we classify …
We show that perforation of the three-brane by mass impinging upon it from the five-dimensional bulk excites Nambu-Goldstone spherical wave propagating outwards with the velocity of light. It is speculated that such an effect can give rise to "`unmotivated" energy release events in the brane-world cosmological models.
We investigate the existence of double copy structure, or the lack thereof, in higher derivative operators for Nambu-Goldstone bosons. At the leading ${\cal O}(p^2)$, tree amplitudes of Nambu-Goldstone bosons in the adjoint representation can be (trivially) expressed as the double copy of itself and the cubic bi-adjoint scalar theory, through the Kawai-Lewellen-Tye bilinear kernel. At the next-to-leading ${\cal O}(p^4)$ there exist four operators in general, among which we identify one operator whose amplitudes exhibit the flavor-kinematics duality and can be written as the double copy of ${\c…
In this work, we study a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson (pNGB) dark matter model extended with a real scalar. The dark sector is assumed to be feebly coupled with the standard model (SM) via a Higgs portal, so that the pNGB dark matter is produced by the freeze-in mechanism. Since the production happened in a very high energy era, we introduce an extra scalar field which is weakly coupled to the SM for stablizing the electroweak vacuum. Our model can reproduce the correct relic abundance of dark matter favored by observations. In addition, we determine the evolution of couplings in higher energy…
In a two-flavor color superconductor, the SU(3)_c gauge symmetry is spontaneously broken by diquark condensation. The Nambu-Goldstone excitations of the diquark condensate mix with the gluons associated with the broken generators of the original gauge group. It is shown how one can decouple these modes with a particular choice of 't Hooft gauge. We then explicitly compute the spectral density for transverse and longitudinal gluons of adjoint color 8. The Nambu-Goldstone excitations give rise to a singularity in the real part of the longitudinal gluon self-energy. This leads to a vanishing gluo…
We propose a model of dark matter identified with a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson in the dynamical supersymmetry breaking sector in a gauge mediation scenario. The dark matter particles annihilate via a below-threshold narrow resonance into a pair of R-axions each of which subsequently decays into a pair of light leptons. The Breit-Wigner enhancement explains the excess electron and positron fluxes reported in the recent cosmic ray experiments PAMELA, ATIC and PPB-BETS without postulating an overdensity in halo, and the limit on anti-proton flux from PAMELA is naturally evaded.
If the Higgs boson is a pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson (PNGB), the $hZγ$ contact interaction induced by the $\mathcal{O}(p^4)$ invariants of the non-linear sigma model is free from its nonlinearity effects. The process $h\rightarrow Zγ$ can be used to eliminate the universal effects of heavy particles, which can fake the nonlinearity effects of the PNGB Higgs boson in the process $h\rightarrow V^*V$ ($V=W^\pm$,\ $Z$). We demonstrate that the ratio of the signal strength of $h\rightarrow Zγ$ and $h\rightarrow V^*V$ is good to distinguish the signature of the PNGB Higgs boson from Higgs coupling d…
We study the soft behavior of two seemingly different particles that are both referred to as dilatons in the literature, namely the one that appears in theories of gravity and in string theory and the Nambu-Goldstone boson of spontaneously broken conformal invariance. Our primary result is the discovery of a soft theorem at subsubleading order for each dilaton, which in both cases contains the operator of special conformal transformations. Interesting similarities as well as differences between the dilaton soft theorems are discussed.
Nambu-Goldstone emissions from the cosmological evolution of global monopoles
Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo（宇宙线研究所，东京大学）；Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University（跨学科前沿科学研究所，东北大学）；Department of Physics, Tohoku University（物理学系，东北大学）
The masses of the pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons in the color superconducting phase of dense QCD with two light flavors are estimated by making use of the Cornwall-Jackiw-Tomboulis effective action. Parametrically, the masses of the doublet and antidoublet bosons are suppressed by a power of the coupling constant as compared to the value of the superconducting gap. This is qualitatively different from the mass expression for the singlet pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson, resulting from non-perturbative effects. It is argued that the (anti-) doublet pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons form colorless [with …
The Affleck-Dine mechanism creates the baryon asymmetry of the universe from an angular motion of a complex scalar field. The mechanism is efficient and allows for a low reheating temperature of the universe if the scalar field has a flat potential along its radial direction. We consider a possibility where the scalar field is a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson arising from spontaneous breaking of an approximate global symmetry, so that the flatness of the potential is naturally understood. We construct a concrete realization of the idea based on chiral symmetry breaking in an SU(N) gauge theory. …
We propose a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone inflation where twin waterfall fields coupled to the inflaton are responsible for the graceful exit from inflation by a waterfall transition. In this scenario, the $Z_2$ symmetry for the waterfall fields and the inflaton protects the inflaton potential against dangerous quantum corrections coming from the waterfall couplings. We show that there is a wide range of natural model parameters and initial conditions for a successful inflation and discuss the reheating process by the perturbative decay of the waterfall field with a $Z_2$ invariant Higgs portal. We …
Production of single neutrinos as well as neutrino-antineutrino pairs by photons interacting with pseudo Nambu-Goldstone bosons is studied within the Standard Model. The corresponding cross sections are found analytically. The energy loss due to neutrino emission in a thermal plasma of photons and pions is calculated. It is shown that the obtained neutrino emissivity may be significantly enhanced in hot and dense matter due to in-medium modification of the pion decay constant. Phenomenological consequences for ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions and astrophysics are discussed.
We review the cosmological implications of a relic population of pseudo Nambu-Goldstone bosons (pNGB) with an anomalous coupling to two photons, often called axion-like particles (ALPs). We establish constraints on the pNGB mass and two-photon coupling by considering big bang nucleosynthesis, the physics of the cosmic microwave background, and the diffuse photon background. The bounds from WMAP7 and other large-scale-structure data on the effective number of neutrino species can be stronger than the traditional bounds from the primordial helium abundance. These bounds, together with those from…
We discuss the counting of Nambu-Goldstone (NG) modes associated with the spontaneous breaking of higher-form global symmetries. Effective field theories of NG modes are developed based on symmetry breaking patterns, using a generalized coset construction for higher-form symmetries. We derive a formula of the number of gapless NG modes, which involves expectation values of the commutators of conserved charges, possibly of different degrees.
We propose a Clifford algebra based model, which treats both gravity and Yang-Mills interactions as gauge fields. There are two sectors of boson fields as electroweak and Majorana bosons. The electroweak boson sector induces fermion masses via spontaneous symmetry breaking. It is composed of scalar Higgs, pseudoscalar Higgs, and antisymmetric tensor components. The Majorana boson sector contributes to flavor mixing and Majorana masses of right-handed neutrinos. It is comprised of neutrino Higgs and pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons. The LHC 750 GeV diphoton resonance might possibly be identified a…
