How does the scattering cross section change when the colliding bound-state fragments are allowed particle-emitting resonances? This question is explored in the framework of a multi-channel algebraic scattering method of determining nucleon-nucleus cross sections at low energies. Two cases are examined, the first being a gedanken investigation in which n + carbon-12 scattering is studied with the target states assigned artificial widths. The second is a study of neutron scattering from beryllium-8; a nucleus that is particle unstable. Resonance character of the target states markedly varies evaluated cross sections from those obtained assuming stability in the target spectrum.
Microscopic optical model potential results for reaction cross sections of proton elastic scattering are presented. The applications cover the 10-1000 MeV energy range and consider both stable and unstable nuclei. The study is based on in-medium g-matrix full-folding optical model approach with the appropriate relativistic kinematic corrections needed for the higher energy applications. The effective interactions are based on realistic NN potentials supplemented with a separable non-Hermitian term to allow optimum agreement with current NN phase-shift analyzes, particularly the inelasticities …
We study nuclear reaction cross-sections for stable and unstable projectiles and targets within Glauber model, using densities obtained from various relativistic mean field formalisms. The calculated cross-sections are compared with the experimental data in some specific cases. We also evaluate the differential scattering cross-sections at several incident energies, and observe that the results found from various densities are similar at smaller scattering angles, whereas a systematic deviation is noticed at large angles. In general, these results agree fairly well with the experimental data.
Fully quantal calculations of the total reaction cross sections \sigR and interaction cross sections \sigI, induced by stable and unstable He, Li, C and O isotopes on $^{12}$C target at $E_{\rm lab}\approx 0.8$ and 1 GeV/nucleon have been performed, for the first time, in the distorted wave impulse approximation (DWIA) using the microscopic \emph{complex} optical potential and inelastic form factors given by the folding model. Realistic nuclear densities for the projectiles and $^{12}$C target as well as the complex $t$-matrix parameterization of free nucleon-nucleon interaction by Franey and …
The physics of radioactive ion beams implies the description of weakly-bound nuclear systems. One key aspect concerns the coupling to low-lying collective-type excited states, which for these systems might not be stable levels, but particle emitting resonances. In this work we describe how the scattering cross section and compound spectra change when the colliding fragments have such collective excitations featuring particle emission. We explore this question in the framework of a multi-channel algebraic scattering method of determining nucleon-nucleus cross sections at low energies. For a ran…
The E1 strength function for 15 stable and unstable Sn even-even isotopes from A=100 till A=176 are calculated using the self-consistent microscopic theory which, in addition to the standard (Q)RPA approach, takes into account the single-particle continuum and the phonon coupling. Our analysis shows two distinct regions for which the integral characteristics of both the giant and pygmy resonances behave rather differently. For neutron-rich nuclei, starting from $^{132}$Sn, we obtain a giant E1 resonance which significantly deviates from the widely-used systematics extrapolated from experimenta…
Constraining cross sections for unstable $^{153,159}$Gd$(n,γ)$ and their astrophysical implications
School of nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China（南华大学核科学与技术学院）；Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Design and Safety, Ministry of Education（教育部先进核能设计与安全重点实验室）；Office of the Financial Commission, CPC Hunan Provincial Committee（中共湖南省委金融工作委员会）
Existing data on near-barrier fusion excitation functions of medium and heavy nucleus-nucleus systems have been analyzed using a simple diffused barrier formula derived assuming the Gaussian shape of the barrier height distributions. Fusion cross section is obtained by folding the Gaussian barrier distribution with the classical expression for the fusion cross section for a fixed barrier. The energy dependence of the fusion cross section, thus obtained, provides good description to the existing data on near-barrier fusion and capture excitation functions for medium and heavy nucleus-nucleus sy…
In the presented review we discuss the problem of extraction the parameters of nuclear matter and charge distribution in stable and unstable isotopes. A substantial amount of information on the nuclear radii and other distribution parameters in light exotic nuclei has been obtained from experiments on intermediate-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions. The analyses of these experiments is usually performed with the help of the Glauber Theory. We review the main assumptions the Glauber Theory and show how this theoretical approach is used to calculate reaction and interaction cross sections. We als…
We report here an empirical formalism for predicting the cross-sections of neutron-rich nuclei produced in fragmentation of relativistic \b{eta}-unstable neutron-rich projectiles in the mid-mass region. The formalism is based on the abrasion-ablation picture of the projectile fragmentation reaction. It has been shown that the formalism can accurately reproduce the experimental cross-section data for nuclei produced in the fragmentation of 132Sn. The formalism, it is shown, can also reproduce the experimental cross-sections of neutron-rich nuclei produced in the fragmentation of 129Xe fairly ac…
In this review paper we present a detailed account of the extraction and the calculation of the total reaction cross section of strongly bound and weakly bound, stable and unstable, exotic, nuclei. We discuss the optical model and the more general coupled channels model of direct reactions. The effect of long-range absorption due to the coupling to excited states in the target and to the breakup continuum in the projectile is also discussed. The generalized optical theorem for charged particle scattering and the resulting sum-of differences method is then discussed. The so-called "quarter-poin…
We study (p,2p) and (p,pn) reactions at proton energies in the range of 100 MeV -- 1 GeV. Our purpose is to explore the most sensitive observables in unpolarized reactions with inverse kinematics involving radioactive nuclei. We formulate a model based on the eikonal theory to describe total cross sections and momentum distributions of the recoiled residual nucleus. The model is similar to the one adopted for knockout reactions with heavy ions. We show that momentum distributions are sensitive to the angular momentum of the ejected nucleon which can be used as an spectroscopic tool. The total …
By focusing on the asymmetric shape of cross section, we analyze the pairing effect on the partial wave components of cross section for neutron elastic scattering off stable and unstable nuclei within the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) framework. Explicit expressions for Fano parameters $q_{lj}$ and $ε_{lj}$ have been derived and the pairing effects have been analyzed in term of these parameters, and the Fano effect was found on the neutron elastic scattering off the stable nucleus in terms of the pairing correlation. Fano effect was appeared as the asymmetric line-shape of the cross section ca…
The production of strange particles (kaons, hyperons) and hypernuclei in light charged particle induced reactions in the energy range of a few GeV (2-15 GeV) has become a topic of active research in several facilities (e.g., HypHI and PANDA at GSI and/or FAIR (Germany), JLab (USA), and JPARC (Japan)). This energy range represents the low-energy limit of the string models (degree of freedom: quark and gluon) or the high-energy limit of the so-called spallation models (degree of freedom: hadrons). A well known spallation model is INCL, the Liège intranuclear cascade model (combined with a de-exc…
A new method for calculating the Coulomb breakup of unstable neutron-rich isotopes at high energies is presented. The calculations employ the eikonal approximation and use a new Coulomb dynamical polarization potential (CDPP), calculated by solving the Schrödinger equation for the entire motion of the exotic projectile as a two-body cluster structure using the adiabatic approximation and incorporating excitations to the continuum. Calculations for some exotic isotopes are compared with Coulomb dissociation cross section data and found to be in good agreement.
The problem with the use of scaling arguments for simultaneous studies of different weak interaction processes is discussed. When different neutrino scattering cross sections involving quite different momentum transfers are being compared it difficult to define a meaningful single scaling factor to renormalize calculated cross sections. It has been suggested that the use of such scaling can be used to estimate high energy neutrino cross sections from low energy neutrino cross sections. This argument has lead to questions on the consistency of the magnitude of the LSND muon neutrino cross secti…
The goal of this presentation is to highlight various computational techniques used to study dynamics of quantum many-body systems. We examine the projection and variable phase methods being applied to multi-channel problems of scattering and tunneling; here the virtual, energy-forbidden channels and their treatment are of particular importance. The direct time-dependent solutions using Trotter-Suzuki propagator expansion provide yet another approach to exploring the complex dynamics of unstable systems. While presenting computational tools, we briefly revisit the general theory of the quantum…
The pygmy-dipole resonances and photon strength functions in stable and unstable Ni and Sn isotopes are calculated within the microscopic self-consistent version of the extended theory of finite fermi systems which includes the QRPA and phonon coupling effects and uses the known Skyrme forces SLy4. The pygmy dipole resonance in $^{72}Ni$ is predicted with the mean energy of 12.4 MeV and the energy-weighted sum rule exhausting 25.6\% of the total strength. The microscopically obtained photon E1 strength functions are used to calculate nuclear reaction properties, i.e the radiative neutron captu…
Total reaction cross sections of deuteron, $σ_d^{\rm R}$, are calculated by a microscopic three-body reaction model. The reaction model has no free adjustable parameter and applicable to reactions at various deuteron incident energies $E_d$ and with both stable and unstable nuclei. The predicted $σ_d^{\rm R}$ are consistent with those evaluated by a phenomenological optical potential for $E_d\leq 200$ MeV in which the potential has been parametrized. A simple formula of $σ_d^{\rm R}$ up to $E_d=1$ GeV, as a function of $E_d$, the target mass number $A$ and its atomic number $Z$, is given.
The complexity of threshold phenomena is exemplified on a prominent and long-known case - the structure in the $Λp$ cross section (invariant mass spectrum) at the opening of the $ΣN$ channel. The mass splitting between the $Σ$ baryons together with the angular momentum coupling in the $^3S_1$-$^3D_1$ partial wave imply that, in principle, up to six channels are involved. Utilizing hyperon-nucleon potentials that provide an excellent description of the available low-energy $Λp$ and $ΣN$ scattering data, the shape of the resulting $Λp$ cross section is discussed and the poles near the $ΣN$ thres…
The $J/ψ$ absorption cross section by nucleon is studied using a gauged SU(4) hadronic Lagrangian but with empirical particle masses, which has been used previously to study the $J/ψ$ absorption cross section by pion and rho meson. Including both two-body and three-body final states, we find that with a cutoff parameter of 1 GeV at interaction vertices involving charm hadrons, the $J/ψ-N$ absorption is at most 5 mb and is consistent with that extracted from $J/ψ$ production from both photo-nuclear and proton-nucleus reactions.
We have calculated the electric dipole strength distributions in the unstable neutron rich oxygen isotopes $^{18,20,22}$O, in a model which include up to four quasi-particle-type configurations. The model is the extension, to include the effect of the pairing correlations, of a previous model very successful around closed shell nuclei, and it is based on the quasi-particle-phonon coupling. Low-lying dipole strength is found, which exhausts between 5 and 10% of the Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn (TRK) energy-weighted-sum-rule (EWSR) below 15 MeV excitation energy, in rather good agreement with recent exper…
We study the total cross section for photo production of open charm hadrons near threshold using a hadronic Lagrangian. Both two-body final states involving $Λ_c$ and a charmed meson as well as three-body final states involving nucleon and a charm-anticharm meson pair are included. With appropriate cut-off parameters in the form factors at interaction vertices, the model gives a total cross section that is consistent with the measured data at center-of-mass energy of 6 GeV. The result is compared with the prediction from the leading-order perturbative QCD.
An one dimensional adiabatic model has been proposed for fusion of loosely bound and halo light nuclei with various heavy targets. It is shown that fusion cross sections at near and sub-barrier energies can be explained using a simple WKB tunneling through an adiabatic barrier without invoking breakup coupling explicitly. The model has been applied successfully to explain fusion cross sections for several systems including recently measured $^{6}Li+^{198}Pt$ system (Phy. Rev. Lett. 103, 232702, 2009) where data exists well above and below the barrier and $^{8}He+^{197}Au$ system (Phy. Rev. Let…
This paper presents reaction cross section predictions. These predictions are the result of a continuous pipeline which originates from a microscopic nuclear interaction. Density parameters and effective nucleon-nucleon cross sections (both involved in the reaction calculations) are by-products of the same equation of state. First, we perform tests of sensitivity to medium effects using reactions involving 208-Pb, a stable but weakly isospin-asymmetric nucleus. We also show predictions for collisions of some neutron-rich isotopes of Calcium and Argon. We observe significant sensitivity of the …
A microscopic study of proton elastic scattering from unstable nuclei at intermediate energies using a relativistic formalism is presented. We have employed both the original relativistic impulse approximation (IA1) and the generalised impulse approximation (IA2) formalisms to calculate the relativistic optical potentials, with target densities derived from relativistic mean field (RMF) theory using the NL3 and FSUGold parameter sets. Comparisons between the optical potentials computed using both IA1 and IA2 formalisms, and the different RMF Lagrangians are presented for both stable and unstab…
The dynamics of the reactions forming compound nuclei using loosely bound projectiles is analysed within the framework of dynamical cluster decay model (DCM) of Gupta and Collaborators. We have analysed different reactions with $^{7}Li$, $^{9}Be$ and $^{7}Be$ as neutron rich and neutron deficient projectiles, respectively, on different targets at the three $E_{lab}$ values, forming compound nuclei within the mass region A$\sim 30-200$. The contributions of light particles LPs ($A\le4$) cross sections $σ_{LP}$, energetically favoured intermediate mass fragments IMFs ($5 \le A_2 \le 20$) cross s…
Low-energy muon-transfer cross sections and rates in collisions of muonic atoms with hydrogen isotopes are calculated using a six-state close-coupling approximation to coordinate-space Faddeev-Hahn-type equations. In the muonic case satisfactory results are obtained for all hydrogen isotopes and the experimentaly observed strong isotopic dependence of transfer rates is also reproduced. A comparison with results of other theoretical and available experimental works is presented. The present model also leads to good transfer cross sections in the well-understood problem of antihydrogen formation…
The question of how the scattering cross section changes when the spectra of the colliding nuclei have low-excitation particle-emitting resonances is explored using a multi-channel algebraic scattering (MCAS) method. As a test case, the light-mass nuclear target 8Be, being particle-unstable, has been considered. Nucleon-nucleus scattering cross sections, as well as the spectra of the compound nuclei formed, have been determined from calculations that do, and do not, consider particle emission widths of the target nuclear states. The resonant character of the unstable excited states introduces …
We perform a non-perturbative calculation of the $J/Ψ-π$ cross section using a $SU(2)\times SU(2)$ effective Lagrangian. Our results differ from those of previous calculations, specially in the description of vertices involving pions.
The eikonal, partial wave (PW) Lippmann-Schwinger, and three-dimensional Lippmann- Schwinger (LS3D) methods are compared for nuclear reactions that are relevant for space radiation applications. Numerical convergence of the eikonal method is readily achieved when exact formulas of the optical potential are used for light nuclei (A $\le$ 16), and the momentum-space representation of the optical potential is used for heavier nuclei. The PW solution method is known to be numerically unstable for systems that require a large number of partial waves, and, as a result, the LS3D method is employed. T…
In this proceeding we show the results found for the cross sections of the processes $\bar D D\toπX(3872)$, $\bar D^* D\to πX(3872)$ and $\bar D^* D^*\toπX(3872)$, information needed for calculations of the $X(3872)$ abundance in heavy ion collisions. Our formalism is based on the generation of $X(3872)$ from the interaction of the hadrons $\bar D^0 D^{*0} - \textrm{c.c}$, $D^- D^{*+} - \textrm{c.c}$ and $D^-_s D^{*+}_s - \textrm{c.c}$. The evaluation of the cross section associated with processes having $D^*$ meson(s) involves an anomalous vertex, $X\bar D^* D^*$, which we have determined by …
Institute of Physics, Jan Kochanowski University（扬·科哈诺夫斯基大学物理研究所）；Institute for Theoretical Physics, J. W. Goethe University（约翰·沃尔夫冈·歌德大学理论物理研究所）；Center for Exploration of Energy and Matter, Indiana University（印第安纳大学能量与物质探索中心）；Department of Physics, Indiana University（印第安纳大学物理系）
We study kinetic master equations for chemical reactions involving the formation and the natural decay of unstable particles in a thermal bath. We consider the decay channel of one into two particles, and the inverse process, fusion of two thermal particles into one. We present the master equations the evolution of the density of the unstable particles in the early Universe. We obtain the thermal invariant reaction rate using as an input the free space (vacuum) decay time and show the medium quantum effects on $π+π\leftrightarrow ρ$ reaction relaxation time. As another laboratory example we de…
An experimental overview of reactions induced by the stable, but weakly-bound nuclei 6Li, 7Li and 9Be, and by the exotic, halo nuclei 6He, 8B, 11Be and 17F on medium-mass targets, such as 58Ni, 59Co or 64Zn, is presented. Existing data on elastic scattering, total reaction cross sections, fusion processes, breakup and transfer channels are discussed in the framework of a CDCC approach taking into account the breakup degree of freedom.
There is a considerable interest in understanding the dependence of one-nucleon removal cross sections on the asymmetry of the neutron $S_n$ and proton $S_p$ separation energies, following a large amount of experimental data and theoretical analyses in a framework of sudden and eikonal approximations of the reaction dynamics. These theoretical calculations involve both the single-particle cross section and the shell-model description of the projectile initial state and final states of the reaction residues. The configuration mixing in shell-model description of nuclear states depends on the pr…
The $J/ψπ\to \bar{D} D^*, \bar{D} D$, ${\bar D}^* D^*$ and ${\bar D} D^*$ cross sections as a function of $\sqrt{s}$ are evaluated in a QCD sum rule calculation. We study the Borel sum rule for the four point function involving pseudoscalar and vector meson currents, up to dimension four in the operator product expansion. We find that our results are smaller than the $J/ψπ\to {charmed mesons}$ cross sections obtained with models based on meson exchange, but are close to those obtained with quark exchange models.
The elastic and radiative pion(+)-proton scattering are studied in the framework of an effective Lagrangian model for the Delta^{++} resonance and its interactions. The finite width effects of this spin-3/2 resonance are introduced in the scattering amplitudes through a complex mass scheme to respect electromagnetic gauge invariance. The resonant pole (Delta^{++}) and background contributions (rho^0, sigma, Delta and neutron states) are separated according to the principles of the analytic S-matrix theory. The mass and width parameters of the Δ^{++} obtained from a fit to experimental data on …
The analysis on the hadron-hadron scattering at high energies in the framework of holographic QCD is presented. Combining the Pomeron exchange kernel and the hadron-Pomeron couplings which are obtained from the bottom-up AdS/QCD models, we calculate the total cross sections. Our calculation for the nucleon-nucleon scattering is consistent with the experimental data including the recent ones measured by the TOTEM collaboration at the LHC. Within the framework, one can consider other processes involving other hadrons. As examples to show this feature of the model, the resulting total cross secti…
Background: Eclipse effect of the neutron and proton in a deuteron target is essential to correctly describe high-energy deuteron scattering. The nucleus-deuteron scattering needs information not only on the nucleus-proton but also the nucleus-neutron interaction, for which no direct measurement of the nucleus-neutron cross sections is available for unstable nuclei. Purpose: We systematically evaluated the total reaction cross sections by a deuteron target to explore the feasibility of extracting the nucleus-neutron interaction from measurable cross sections. Methods: High-energy nucleus-deute…
We developed a novel approach based on a generalization of factorization and nuclear spectral functions, allowing for a consistent treatment of the amplitudes involving one- and two-nucleon currents, whose contribution to the nuclear electromagnetic response in the transverse channel is known to be significant. We report the results of calculations of the inclusive electron-carbon cross section, showing that the inclusion of processes involving two-nucleon currents appreciably improves the agreement between theory and data in the dip region, between the quasi elastic and $Δ$-production peaks. …
Simple generic expressions to compute double-parton scattering (DPS) cross sections in high-energy proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions, as a function of the corresponding single-parton cross sections, are presented. Estimates of DPS contributions are studied for two specific processes at LHC energies: (i) same-sign W-boson pair production in p-Pb, and (ii) double-J/psi production in Pb-Pb, using NLO predictions with nuclear parton densities for the corresponding single-parton cross sections. The expected DPS cross sections and event rates after typical acceptance and efficiency losse…
