As a step toward performing a complete coupled-channels analysis of the world data of pi N, gamma^* N --> pi N, eta N, pi pi N reactions, the pi N --> pi pi N reactions are investigated starting with the dynamical coupled-channels model developed in Phys. Rev. C76, 065201 (2007). The channels included are pi N, eta N, and pi pi N which has pi Delta, rho N, and sigma N resonant components. The non-resonant amplitudes are generated from solving a set of coupled-channels equations with the meson-baryon potentials defined by effective Lagrangians. The resonant amplitudes are generated from 16 bare excited nucleon (N^*) states which are dressed by the non-resonant interactions as constrained by the unitarity condition. The data of total cross sections and pi N and pi pi invariant mass distributions of pi^+ p --> pi^+ pi^+ n, pi^+ pi^0p and pi^- p --> pi^+ pi^- n, pi^- pi^0 n, pi^0 pi^0 n reactions from threshold to the invariant mass W = 2 GeV can be described to a very large extent. We show the importance of the coupled-channels effects and the strong interference between the contributions from the pi Delta, sigma N, and rho N channels. The large interference between the resonant and non-resonant amplitudes is also demonstrated. Possible future developements are discussed.
We incorporate the coupled-channels optical model into the statistical Hauser-Feshbach nuclear reaction theory, where the scattering matrix is diagonalized by performing the Engelbrecht-Weidenmüller transformation. This technique has been implemented in the coupled-channels optical model code ECIS by J. Raynal, and we extend this method so that all the open channels in a nucleon-induced reaction on a deformed nucleus can be calculated consistently.
The meson-baryon interaction in s-wave in the strangeness S=-1 sector has been studied, employing a chiral SU(3) Lagrangian up to next-to-leading order (NLO) and implementing unitarization in coupled channels. The parameters of the Lagrangian have been fitted to a large set of experimental data in different two-body channels, paying special attention to the $\bar{K} N \rightarrow K Ξ$ reaction, which is particularly sensitive to the NLO terms. With the aim of improving the model in the $KΞ$ production channels, effects of the high spin hyperon resonances $Σ(2030)$ and $Σ(2250)$ have been taken…
We present the current status of a combined and simultaneous analysis of meson production reactions based on a dynamical coupled-channels (DCC) model, which is conducted at Excited Baryon Analysis Center (EBAC) of Jefferson Lab.
The coupled pi+N, eta+N, gamma+N systems are described by a K-matrix method. The parameters in this model are adjusted to get an optimal fit to pi+N -> pi+N, pi+N -> eta+N, gamma+N -> pi+N and gamma+N -> eta+N data in an energy range of about 100 MeV each side of the eta-threshold. The coupling of photons to the N(1535) state is extracted and also an alternative to the current S11(gamma+N -> pi+N) amplitudes suggested. Expansions are given for the eta-eta and gamma-eta amplitudes in terms of the eta-momentum. Effects of interference of this state with background potential interactions are disc…
We investigate theoretically $Λ$ production spectra of $^3$He($π$, $K$) reactions at $p_π=$ 1.05--1.20 GeV/$c$ in the distorted-wave impulse approximation, using the continuum-discretized coupled-channel method. The production cross section of a $^3_Λ$H(1/2$^+$) ground state is also discussed.
The ability of the coupled-channels model (MSL) developed in recently in Ref. \cite{msl} to account simultaneously for the $πN$ scattering data and the $π$ photoproduction reactions on the nucleon is presented. An accurate description of $πN$ scattering has been obtained. A preliminary description of $π$ photoproduction is also discussed.
We have performed a dynamical coupled-channels analysis of available p(e,e'pi)N data in the region of W < 1.6 GeV and Q^2 < 1.45 (GeV/c)^2. The channels included are gamma^* N, pi N, eta N, and pi pi N which has pi Delta, rho N, and sigma N components. With the hadronic parameters of the model determined in our previous investigations of pi N --> pi N, pi pi N reactions, we have found that the available data in the considered W < 1.6 GeV region can be fitted well by only adjusting the bare gamma^* N --> N^* helicity amplitudes for the lowest N^* states in P33, P11, S11 and D13 partial waves. T…
We study the reactions $γγ\rightarrow π^0π^0$, $π^+π^-$, $K^0\bar{K}^0$, $K^+K^-$, $ηη$ and $π^0η$ based on a chiral Lagrangian with dynamical light vector mesons as formulated within the hadrogenesis conjecture. At present our chiral Lagrangian contains 5 unknown parameters that are relevant for the photon fusion reactions. They parameterize the strength of interaction terms involving two vector meson fields. These parameters are fitted to photon fusion data $γγ\rightarrow π^0π^0$, $π^+π^-, π^0η$ and to the decay $η\rightarrowπ^0γγ$. In order to derive gauge invariant reaction amplitudes in t…
We review recent results for electromagnetic reactions and related sum rules in light and medium-mass nuclei obtained from coupled-cluster theory. In particular, we highlight our recent computations of the photodisintegration cross section of 40Ca and of the electric dipole polarizability for oxygen and calcium isotopes. We also provide new results for the Coulomb sum rule for 4He and 16O. For 4He we perform a thorough comparison of coupled-cluster theory with exact hyperspherical harmonics.
Atomic nuclei are composite systems, and they may be dynamically excited during nuclear reactions. Such excitations are not only relevant to inelastic scattering but they also affect other reaction processes such as elastic scattering and fusion. The coupled-channels approach is a framework which can describe these reaction processes in a unified manner. It expands the total wave function of the system in terms of the ground and excited states of the colliding nuclei, and solves the coupled Shrödinger equations to obtain the $S$-matrix, from which several cross sections can be constructed. Thi…
We present a method for smoothing discrete breakup $S$-matrix elements calculated by the method of continuum-discretized coupled-channels (CDCC). This smoothing method makes it possible to apply CDCC to four-body breakup reactions. The reliability of the smoothing method is confirmed for two cases, $^{58}$Ni($d$, $p n$) at 80 MeV and the $E1$ transition of $^6$He. We apply CDCC with the smoothing method to $^6$He breakup reaction at 22.5 MeV. Multi-step breakup processes are found to be important.
Preliminary experimental data for nucleon transfer reactions of the 40Ca+58Ni and 40Ca+64Ni systems are analyzed with the coupled- channels approach. It is shown that a simple treatment for the transfer in the coupled-channels method cannot reproduce simultaneously the transfer probabilities and the sub-barrier enhancement of fusion cross sections.
Given the established 2 alpha structure of 8Be, a realistic model of 4 interacting alpha clusters must be used to obtain a 8Be+8Be interaction potential. Such a four-body problem poses a challenge for the determination of the 8Be+8Be optical potential (OP) that is still unknown due to the lack of the elastic 8Be+8Be scattering data. The main goal of the present study is to probe the complex 8Be+8Be optical potential in the coupled reaction channel (CRC) study of the alpha transfer 12C(alpha,8Be) reaction measured at 65 MeV, and to obtain the spectroscopic information on the alpha+8Be cluster c…
Coupled-channel two-particle systems bound by a harmonic trap are discussed in the present paper. We derive the formula that relates the energy levels of such trapped systems to phase shifts and inelasticity of coupled-channel reactions. The formula makes it possible to extract amplitudes of inelastic nuclear reactions from ab initio calculations of discrete levels of many-nucleon systems in a harmonic trap.
Elastic pi N scattering and the reaction pi+ p --> K+ Sigma+ are described simultaneously in a unitary coupled-channels approach which respects analyticity. SU(3) flavor symmetry is used to relate the t- and u-channel exchanges that drive the meson-baryon interaction in the different channels. Angular distributions, polarizations, and spin-rotation parameters are compared with available experimental data. The pole structure of the amplitudes is extracted from the analytic continuation.
The $Λ(1520)$ resonance is generated dynamically in a unitary coupled channel framework with the $πΣ^*$ and $KΞ^*$ channels in s-wave and $πΣ$ and $\bar K N$ channels in d-wave. The dynamics of this resonance close to and above threshold is then tested through the reactions $K^-p\toππΛ$ and a good agreement with the experimentally measured cross section is observed.
We investigate the elastic scattering of $^9$Be on $^{208}$Pb at beam energies above (50 MeV) and below (40 MeV) the Coulomb barrier. The reaction is described within a four-body framework using the Continuum-Discretized Coupled-Channels (CDCC) method. The $^9$Be projectile states are generated using the analytical Transformed Harmonic Oscillator (THO) basis in hyperspherical coordinates. Our calculations confirm the importance of continuum effects at low energies.
The competition among reaction processes of a weakly-bound projectile at intermediate times of a slow collision has been unraveled. This has been done using a two-center molecular continuum within a semiclassical, time-dependent coupled-channel reaction model. Dynamical probabilities of elastic scattering, transfer and breakup agree with those derived from the direct integration of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, demonstrating the usefulness of a two-center molecular continuum for gaining insights into the reaction dynamics of exotic nuclei.
Elastic piN scattering and the world data of the family of reactions pi^- p --> eta n, K^0 Lambda$, K^0 Sigma^0, K^+ Sigma^-, and pi^+ p --> K^+ Sigma^+ are described simultaneously in an analytic, unitary, coupled-channel approach. SU(3) flavor symmetry is used to relate both the t- and the u- channel exchanges that drive the meson-baryon interaction in the different channels. Angular distributions, polarizations, and spin-rotation parameters are compared with available experimental data. Partial-wave amplitudes are determined and the resonance content is extracted from the analytic continuat…
In this paper, we review the roles of collective modes in nuclear reactions. We emphaize the strong couplings of various collective states with the monopole and quadrupole motions. In inelastic excitation, these couplings can be seen as an important source of anharmonicity in the multiphonon spectrum. In fusion reaction, the breathing and quadrupole motions strongly affects the oscillation of protons against neutrons. Finally, the modification of the collective properties induced by a large amplitude dilution might be the origin of the nuclear multifragmentation, directly related to the nuclea…
Atomic nuclei are complex, quantum many-body systems whose structure manifests itself through intrinsic quantum states associated with different excitation modes or degrees of freedom. Collective modes (vibration and/or rotation) dominate at low energy (near the ground-state). The associated states are usually employed, within a truncated model space, as a basis in (coherent) coupled channels approaches to low-energy reaction dynamics. However, excluded states can be essential, and their effects on the open (nuclear) system dynamics are usually treated through complex potentials. Is this a com…
We investigate $^6$Li($n$, $n'$)$^6$Li$^*$ $\to$ $d$ + $α$ reactions by using the continuum-discretized coupled-channels method with the complex Jeukenne-Lejeune-Mahaux effective nucleon-nucleon interaction. In this study, the $^6$Li nucleus is described as a $d$ + $α$ cluster model. The calculated elastic cross sections for incident energies between 7.47 and 24.0 MeV are good agreement with experimental data. Furthermore, we show the neutron spectra to $^6$Li breakup states measured at selected angular points and incident energies can be also reproduced systematically.
The dynamical model of pion electroproduction has been extended to investigate the weak pion production reactions. The predicted cross sections of neutrino-induced pion production reactions are in good agreement with the existing data. We show that the renormalized(dressed) axial N-$Δ$ form factor contains large dynamical pion cloud effects and this renormalization effects are crucial in getting agreement with the data. We conclude that the N-$Δ$ transitions predicted by the constituent quark model are consistent with the existing neutrino induced pion production data in the $Δ$ region.
The shell correction is proposed in the improved isospin dependent quantum molecular dynamics (ImIQMD) model, which plays an important role in heavy-ion fusion reactions near Coulomb barrier. By using the ImIQMD model, the static and dynamical fusion barriers, dynamical barrier distribution in the fusion reactions are analyzed systematically. The fusion and capture excitation functions for a series of reaction systems are calculated and compared with experimental data. It is found that the fusion cross sections for neutron-rich systems increase obviously, and the strong shell effects of two co…
I explain the Sato-Lee (SL) model and its extension to the neutrino-induced pion production off the nucleon. Then I discuss applications of the SL model to incoherent and coherent pion productions in the neutrino-nucleus scattering. I mention a further extension of this approach with a dynamical coupled-channels model developed in Excited Baryon Analysis Center of JLab.
Recent results on the study of light-quark baryons with the ANL-Osaka dynamical coupled-channels (DCC) approach are presented, which contain the N* and Delta* spectroscopy via the analysis of pi N and gamma N reactions and the Lambda* and Sigma* spectroscopy via the analysis of K- p reactions. A recent application of our DCC approach to neutrino-nucleon reactions in the resonance region is also presented.
A dynamical coupled-channel model is presented for investigating the nucleon resonances in the meson production reactions induced by pions and photons. The model is based on an energy-independent Hamiltonian which is derived from a set of Lagrangians by using a unitary transformation method. By applying the projection operator techniques,we derive a set of coupled-channel equations which satisfy the unitarity conditions within the channel space spanned by the considered two-particle meson-baryon states and the three-particle $ππN$ state. We present and explain in detail a numerical method base…
The coupled-channels method has been a standard tool in analyzing heavy-ion fusion reactions at energies around the Coulomb barrier. We investigate three simplifications usually adopted in the coupled-channels calculations. These are i) the exclusion of non-collective excitations, ii) the assumption of coordinate independent coupling strengths, and iii) the harmonic oscillator approximation for multi-phonon excitations. In connection to the last point, we propose a novel microscopic method based on the beyond-mean-field approach in order to take into account the anharmonic effects of collectiv…
The pion- and photon induced reactions for the final states $γN$, $πN$, $2πN$, $ηN$, and $ωN$ are studied within a coupled-channel effective Lagrangian approach in the energy region from the pion threshold up to 2 GeV. To investigate the role of the nucleon resonances in the different reactions we include all known states with spin-$\foh$,-$\fth$, and -$\ffh$ and masses below 2 GeV. We find a strong contribution from the $D_{15}(1675)$ resonance to the $πN \to ωN$ reaction. While the $F_{15}(1680)$ state only slightly influences the $ω$ meson production in the $πN$ scattering its role is enhan…
The Perey-effect in two-body channels of $(d,p)$ reactions has been known for a long time. It arises when the nonlocal two-body deuteron-target and/or proton-target problem is approximated by a local one, manifesting itself in a reduction of the scattering channel wave functions in the nuclear interior. However, the $(d,p)$ reaction mechanism requires explicit accounting for three-body dynamics involving the target and the neutron and proton in the deuteron. Treating nonlocality of the nucleon-target interactions within a three-body context requires significant effort and demands going beyond …
We report our recent effort for the extraction of resonance parameters (complex pole mass and residues etc.) associated with Lambda* and Sigma* hyperons. This was accomplished via a comprehensive partial-wave analysis of the data for K^- p --> barK N, pi Sigma, pi Lambda, eta Lambda, K Xi reactions from the thresholds up to W=2.1 GeV within a dynamical coupled-channels approach. The results suggest a possible existence of new narrow J^P=3/2^+ Λresonance with pole mass 1671^{+2}_{-8} -i(5^{+11}_{-2}) MeV, located close to the eta Lambda threshold. This resonance is found to be responsible for r…
A FORTRAN77 program is presented that calculates fusion cross sections and mean angular momenta of the compound nucleus under the influence of couplings between the relative motion and several nuclear collective motions. The no-Coriolis approximation is employed to reduce the dimension of coupled-channels equations. The program takes into account the effects of non-linear couplings to all orders, which have been shown to play an important role in heavy-ion fusion reactions at subbarrier energies.
Probabilities for two-neutron transfer reactions, $P_{\rm 2n}$, are often discussed in comparison with the square of the corresponding probabilities for one-neutron transfer process, $(P_{\rm 1n})^2$, implicitly assuming that $(P_{\rm 1n})^2$ provides the probability of two-neutron transfer reactions in the absence of the pairing correlation. We use a schematic coupled-channels model, in which the transfers are treated as effective inelastic channels, and demonstrate that this model leads to $P_{\rm 2n}=(P_{\rm 1n})^2/4$, rather than $P_{\rm 2n}=(P_{\rm 1n})^2$, in the pure sequential limit. W…
We investigate heavy-ion multinucleon transfer reactions using the coupled-channels formalism. We first use the semi-classical approximation and show that a direct coupling between the entrance and the pair transfer channels improves a fit to the experimental one- and two-neutron transfer cross sections for the 40Ca+96Zr and 60Ni+116Sn systems. We then discuss the validity of the perturbative approach and highlight the effect of high order terms. The effect of absorption is also investigated for energies around the Coulomb barrier. Finally, we use a quantal coupled-channels approach to achieve…
We discuss the role of two-neutron transfer processes in the fusion reaction of the $^{9,11}$Li + $^{208}$Pb systems. We first analyze the $^{9}$Li + $^{208}$Pb reaction by taking into account the coupling to the $^{7}$Li + $^{210}$Pb channel. To this end, we assume that two neutrons are directly transferred to a single effective channel in $^{210}$Pb and solve the coupled-channels equations with the two channels. By adjusting the coupling strength and the effective $Q$-value, we successfully reproduce the experimental fusion cross sections for this system. We then analyze the $^{11}$Li + $^{2…
We introduce a novel coupling potential for the scattering of deformed light heavy-ion reactions. This new approach is based on replacing the usual first-derivative coupling potential by a new, second derivative coupling potential in the coupled-channels formalism. The new approach has been successfully applied to the study of the $^{12}$C+$^{12}$C, $^{12}$C+$^{24}$Mg, $^{16}$O+$^{28}$Si and $^{16}$O+$^{24}$Mg systems and made major improvements over all the previous coupled-channels calculations for these systems. This paper also shows the limitations of the standard coupled-channels theory a…
We give an overview of recent progress in the spectroscopic study of nucleon resonances within the dynamical coupled-channels analysis of meson-production reactions. The important role of multichannel reaction dynamics in understanding various properties of nucleon resonances is emphasized.
Fusion-evaporation cross-sections σevr in reactions known for fusion hindrance phenomenon in coupled-channels calculations at below-barrier energies, are studied in terms of the dynamical cluster-decay model (DCM) of one of us (RKG) and Collaborators and the Wong formula extended by us, both based on proximity potential, by using the concept of "barrier modification" at sub-barrier energies, first advocated by Misicu and Esbensen for M3Y potential. The DCM is shown to contain the "barrier lowering" as its inbuilt characteristic, and the same is found essential, and introduced empirically, in t…
We demonstrate that the Dubna-Mainz-Taipei (DMT) meson-exchange dynamical model, which starts from an effective chiral Lagrangian, for pion photoproduction provides an excellent and economic framework to describe both the pi^0 threshold production and the Delta deformation, two features dictated by chiral dynamics.
We apply the Lagrange-mesh method to discretize continuum states of weakly bound nuclei for continuum-discretized coupled-channel (CDCC) calculations of three-body breakup reactions. This discretization method is compared with the bin method, which is regarded as the standard continuum discretization method, for the $d$ and $^6$Li induced reactions. An improved Numerov algorithm is used to solve the coupled channels equations, which permits a fast integration of equations and a convenient treatment of the closed channels. A new CDCC model code named \emph{CDCC-R} is developed. In all cases, th…
We calculate the Lambda polarization in an exact analytical, rotating model based on parameters extracted from a high resolution (3+1)D Particle-in-Cell Relativistic hydrodynamics calculation. The polarization is attributed to effects from thermal vorticity and for the first time the effects of the radial and axial acceleration are also studied separately
We have developed a dynamical model for a unified description of the pion-nucleus scattering and photo- and neutrino-induced coherent pion production on nuclei. Our approach is based on a combined use of the Sato-Lee model for the electroweak pion production on a single nucleon and the Delta-hole model of pion-nucleus scattering. Numerical calculations are carried out for the case of the C12 target. After testing our model with the use of the pion photo-production data, we confront our predictions of the neutrino-induced coherent pion production reactions with the recent data from K2K and Mini…
We review a global analysis of meson production reactions off the nucleons by a collaboration at Excited Baryon Analysis Center of Jefferson Lab. The analysis is pursued with a dynamical coupled-channels approach, within which the dynamics of multi-channel reaction processes are taken into account in a fully consistent way with the two-body as well as three-body unitarity of the S-matrix. With this approach, new features of nucleon excitations are revealed as resonant particles originating from the non-trivial multi-channel reaction dynamics, which cannot be addressed by static hadron models w…
We report the properties of the prompt dipole radiation, produced via a collective bremsstrahlung mechanism, in fusion reactions with exotic beams. We show that the gamma yield is sensitive to the density dependence of the symmetry energy below/around saturation. Moreover we find that the angular distribution of the emitted photons from such fast collective mode can represent a sensitive probe of its excitation mechanism and of fusion dynamics in the entrance channel.
Based on the Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) transport model coupled with a phase-space coalescence afterburner, spallation reaction of $p+^{197}Au$ at the incident beam energy of E$_{beam}$= 800 MeV/nucleon is studied. We find that the number of test particles per nucleon has minor effects on the neutron to proton ratio (n/p) of the produced heavier fragments while it affects much on their yields. The external strong magnetic field affects the production of heavier fragments much than the n/p of produced fragments. The n/p of free nucleons is greatly affected by the strong magnetic field, e…
The coupled-channels density-matrix technique for nuclear reaction dynamics, which is based on the Liouville-von Neumann equation with Lindblad dissipative terms, is developed with the inclusion of full angular momentum couplings. It allows a quantitative study of the role and importance of quantum decoherence in nuclear scattering. Formulae of asymptotic observables that can reveal effects of quantum decoherence are given. A method for extracting energy-resolved scattering information from the time-dependent density matrix is introduced. As an example, model calculations are carried out for t…
We present the failure of the standard coupled-channels method in explaining the inelastic scattering together with other observables such as elastic scattering, excitation function and fusion data. We use both microscopic double-folding and phenomenological deep potentials with shallow imaginary components. We argue that the solution of the problems for the inelastic scattering data is not related to the central nuclear potential, but to the coupling potential between excited states. We present that these problems can be addressed in a systematic way by using a different shape for the couplin…
A refined investigation on light flavor meson-baryon scatterings is performed using a dynamical coupled-channel approach, the Jülich-Bonn model, that respects unitartiy and analyticity constraints. The channel space of $πN$, $πΔ$, $σN$, $ρN$, $ηN$, $K Λ$ and $K Σ$ is extended by adding the $ωN$ final state. The spectra of $N^*$ and $Δ$ resonances are extracted in terms of complex poles of the scattering amplitudes, based on the result of a global fit to a worldwide collection of data, in the energy region from the $πN$ threshold to center-of-mass energy $z=2.3$ GeV. A negative value of the $ωN…
Nuclear multifragmentation is an important phenomenon, the study of which can throw light on reaction mechanism in heavy ion collisions at intermediate and high energies. Based on statistical and dynamical model studies, this thesis is concentrated mainly on, the following three aspects of nuclear multifragmentation reactions namely (i) production of exotic nuclei which are normally not available in the laboratory (ii) nuclear symmetry energy from heavy ion collisions at intermediate energies and (iii) Nuclear liquid-gas phase transition. In addition to these equivalence of statistical ensembl…
Development of the method of CDCC (Continuum-Discretized Coupled-Channels) from the level of three-body CDCC to that of four-body CDCC is reviewed. Introduction of the pseudo-state method based on the Gaussian expansion method for discretizing the continuum states of two-body and three-body projectiles plays an essential role in the development. Furthermore, introduction of the complex-range Gaussian basis functions is important to improve the CDCC for nuclear breakup so as to accomplish that for Coulomb and nuclear breakup. A successful application of the four-body CDCC to $^6$He+$^{12}$C sca…
We introduce a new coupling potential to explain the experimental data for the $^{12}$C+$^{24}$Mg system at numerous energies in the laboratory system from 16.0 MeV to 24.0 MeV. This new coupled-channels based approach involves replacing the usual first derivative coupling potential by a new, second-derivative coupling potential. This paper first shows and discusses the limitation of the standard coupled-channels theory in the case where one of the nuclei in the reaction is strongly deformed. Then, this new approach is shown to improve consistently the agreement with the experimental data and …
The continuum discretized coupled channels (CDCC) method is compared to the exact solution of the three-body Faddeev equations in momentum space. We present results for: i) elastic and breakup observables of d-12C at E_d=56 MeV, ii) elastic scattering of d-58Ni at E_d=80 MeV, and iii) elastic, breakup and transfer observables for 11Be+p at E_{11Be}/A=38.4 MeV. Our comparative studies show that, in the first two cases, the CDCC method is a good approximation to the full three-body Faddeev solution, but for the 11Be exotic nucleus, depending on the observable or the kinematic regime, it may miss…
Examination of promising reactions with $^{241}$Am and $^{244}$Cm targets for the synthesis of new superheavy elements within the dinuclear system model with a dynamical potential energy surface
The bimodal behavior of the order parameter is studied in the framework of Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) transport model. In order to do that, simplified yet accurate method of BUU model is used which allow calculation of fluctuations in systems much larger than what was considered feasible in a well-known and already existing model. It is observed that depending on the projectile energy and centrality of the reaction, both entrance channel and exit channel effects can be at the origin of the experimentally observed bimodal behavior. Both dynamical and statistical bimodality mechanisms are…
The semiclassical method of Alder and Winther is generalized to study fusion reactions. As an illustration, we evaluate the fusion cross section in a schematic two-channel calculation. The results are shown to be in good agreement with those obtained with a quantal Coupled-Channels calculation. We suggest that in the case of coupling to continuum states this approach may provide a simpler alternative to the Continuum Discretized Coupled-Channels method.
It is well known that coincidence quasielastic $(\vec{e},e'N)$ reactions are not appropriate to analyze effects linked to parity violation due the presence of the fifth electromagnetic (EM) response $R^{TL'}$. Nevertheless, in this work we develop a fully relativistic approach to be applied to parity-violating (PV) quasielastic $(\vec{e},e'N)$ processes. This is of importance as a preliminary step in the subsequent study of inclusive quasielastic PV $(\vec{e},e')$ reactions. Moreover, our present analysis allows us to disentangle effects associated with the off-shell character of nucleons in n…
The formalism that describes radiative-capture reactions at low energies within an extended two-cluster potential model is presented. Construction of the operator of single-photon emission is based on a generalisation of the Siegert theorem with which the amplitude of the electromagnetic process is constructed in an explicitly gauge-independent way. While the starting point for this construction is a microscopic (single-nucleon) current model, the resulting operator of low-energy photon emission by a two-cluster system is expressed in terms of macroscopic quantities for the clusters and does n…
The Continuum Discretized Coupled Channels (CDCC) method is a well established theory for direct nuclear reactions which includes breakup to all orders. Alternatively, the 3-body problem can be solved exactly within the Faddeev formalism which explicitly includes breakup and transfer channels to all orders. With the aim to understand how CDCC compares with the exact 3-body Faddeev formulation, we study deuteron induced reactions on: i) $^{10}$Be at $E_{\rm d}= 21.4, 40.9 \; {\rm and} \; 71$ MeV; ii) $^{12}$C at $E_{\rm d} = 12 \; {\rm and} \; 56$ MeV; and iii) $^{48}$Ca at $E_{\rm d} = 56$ MeV…
