The production of excited charm, D_1(2420)^0 and D_2^*(2460)^0, and charm-strange, D_{s1}(2536)^+-, mesons in ep collisions was measured with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 126 pb^-1. Masses, widths and helicity parameters were determined. The measured yields were converted to the rates of c quarks hadronising as a given excited charm meson and to the ratios of the dominant D_2^*(2460)^0 and D_{s1}(2536)^+- branching fractions. A search for the radially excited charm meson, D^{*'}(2640)^+-, was also performed. The results are compared with those measured previously and with theoretical expectations.
An overview of the recent results on strangeness production and spectroscopy from the electron-proton collider experiments H1 and ZEUS at HERA is presented. Production of particles with light and strange quarks is discussed and compared with both theoretical predictions and with data from e+e- experiments. Measurements in the charm sector cover studies of the radially and orbitally excited charm states. Finally, the investigation of exotic states in the strangeness sector at HERA is reviewed.
Measurements of open charm production at HERA are reviewed. The paper covers both photoproduction and Deep Inelastic Scattering measurements from the ZEUS and H1 collaborations.
Measurements of charmed particle cross sections at HERA in the photoproduction and deep inelastic regimes are reviewed. The status of the comparison with perturbative QCD calculations is discussed.
Recent results on open charm production at HERA are presented. Charm quarks are identified via the reconstruction of D-mesons. The charm contribution to the proton structure function is shown. Evidence for an exotic anti-charmed baryon state observed by H1 is presented. The data show a narrow resonance in the D*p invariant mass combination at 3099+-3(stat)+-5(syst) MeV. The resonance is interpreted as an anti-charmed baryon with minimal constituent quark content uuddcbar together with its charge conjugate. Such a signal is not observed in a similar preliminary ZEUS analysis.
Recent results from HERA are presented on a range of topics: charged multiplicities, production of non-strange mesons and strange particles, charm fragmentation, baryons decaying to strange particles, antideuteron production, Bose-Einstein correlations, and new interpretations of results on prompt photon production in DIS.
A selection of topics on open heavy quark production at HERA are reviewed here. Measurements of charm fragmentation parameters will be presented together with developments in the study of D* di-jet angular distributions. Charm production in deep inelastic scattering (DIS) is also discussed. Finally we deal with recent measurements of b cross sections using impact parameters in both DIS and photoproduction regimes.
The production of D^0, D^*+, D^+, D_s+ and Lambda_c^+ charm hadrons and their antiparticles in ep scattering at HERA has been studied with the ZEUS detector, using a total integrated luminosity of 372 pb^-1. The fractions of charm quarks hadronising into a particular charm hadron were derived. In addition, the ratio of neutral to charged D-meson production rates, the fraction of charged D mesons produced in a vector state, and the stangeness-suppression factor have been determined. The measurements have been performed in the photoproduction regime. The charm hadrons were reconstructed in the r…
After the completion of data taking at HERA-2, a large data set is at hand to study the photoproduction of charm and beauty quarks in ep collisions. New measurements of charm production based on D^* meson tagging and beauty production based on muon and electron reconstruction test perturbative QCD calculations with improved accuracy. In general, QCD calculations at NLO describe the data well. The scale uncertainties are, however, large and dominate over the experimental uncertainties, calling for more precise calculations.
A measurement of charm and beauty photoproduction at the electron proton collider HERA is presented based on the simultaneous detection of a D*^{\pm} meson and a muon. The correlation between the D* meson and the muon serves to separate the charm and beauty contributions and the analysis provides comparable sensitivity to both. The total and differential experimental cross sections are compared to LO and NLO QCD calculations. The measured charm cross section is in good agreement with QCD predictions including higher order effects while the beauty cross section is higher.
Inclusive charm meson production cross sections in the deep inelastic scattering and photoproduction regimes are compared with QCD leading and next-to-leading (NLO) calculations. The NLO predictions are significantly below the data in some parts of the measured kinematic range. Angular distributions of dijet events with charm show clear evidence for the existence of charm originating from the incoming photon. The charm fragmentation function is measured for the first time at HERA. Various fragmentation ratios and the fragmentation fractions of the low-lying charm hadrons are determined and com…
Jet and charm quark production in diffractive interactions is sensitive to the partonic structure of the diffractive exchange. This article reviews recent cross section measurements of such processes in both deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) regime and photoproduction (PHP) from the HERA ep collider experiments. The cross sections are compared to next-to-leading order QCD calculations based on factorisation theorem.
The measured D*+/-, D0, D+/-, D_s+/- and /\_c+/- photoproduction cross sections have been used to determine charm fragmentation ratios and fractions of c quarks hadronising as a particular charm hadron, f(c -> D, /\_c). Events with a D*+/- meson produced in association with an energetic jet have been used to measure the charm fragmentation function. The results are compared with different models and with previous measurements.
Recent results on charm and beauty photoproduction at HERA are discussed. The perturbative QCD calculations are generally smaller than the measured cross sections, particularly in the forward (proton) direction. The study of charm dijet photoproduction is consistent with a significant contribution of charm excitation processes.
The charm fragmentation function has been measured in photoproduction of jets containing D^*+- mesons. The measured function has been used to extract free parameters of different fragmentation models. Measurements of excited charm, D_1(2420)^0 and D_2^*(2460)^0, and charm-strange, D_{s1}(2536)^+-, mesons and a search for the radially excited charm meson, D^{*'}(2640)^+-, were also performed. The results are compared with those measured previously and with theoretical expectation.
Measurements of open charm production cross sections in deep-inelastic ep scattering at HERA from the H1 and ZEUS Collaborations are combined. Reduced cross sections sigma_red^{c\bar{c}} for charm production are obtained in the kinematic range of photon virtuality 2.5<Q2<2000 GeV2 and Bjorken scaling variable 0.00003<x<0.05. The combination method accounts for the correlations of the systematic uncertainties among the different data sets. The combined charm data together with the combined inclusive deep-inelastic scattering cross sections from HERA are used as input for a detailed NLO QCD anal…
Selected new results from the H1 and ZEUS collaborations on $ep$ interactions at 300 - 318 GeV centre-of-mass energy are presented. The full pre-upgrade integrated luminosity of HERA of 110 pb$^{-1}$ is used. Charm cross sections are measured up to high values of $x_B$ and $Q^2$ and are found to be well described by NLO QCD in the 3 flavour scheme. Orbitally excited $D$ mesons are observed; radial excitations are searched for, but are not seen. The first $b$ cross section measurement is confirmed with a lifetime based method, establishing the excess over NLO QCD.
Dijet angular distributions of photoproduction events in which a $D^{*\pm}$ meson is produced in association with one of two energetic jets have been measured with the ZEUS detector at HERA, using an integrated luminosity of 120 pb$^{-1}$. Differential cross sections as a function of the angle between the charm-jet and the proton-beam direction in the dijet rest frame have been measured for samples enriched in direct or resolved photon events. The results are compared with predictions from leading-order parton-shower Monte Carlo models and with next-to-leading-order QCD calculations. The angul…
The production of neutral strange hadrons is investigated using deep-inelastic scattering events measured with the H1 detector at HERA. The measurements are made in the phase space defined by the negative four-momentum transfer squared of the photon 2 < Q^2 < 100 GeV^2 and the inelasticity 0.1 < y < 0.6. The K_s and Lambda production cross sections and their ratios are determined. K_s production is compared to the production of charged particles in the same region of phase space. The Lambda - anti-Lambda asymmetry is also measured and found to be consistent with zero. Predictions of leading or…
The process of charm quark fragmentation is studied using $D^{*\pm}$ meson production in deep-inelastic scattering as measured by the H1 detector at HERA. Two different regions of phase space are investigated defined by the presence or absence of a jet containing the $D^{*\pm}$ meson in the event. The parameters of fragmentation functions are extracted for QCD models based on leading order matrix elements and DGLAP or CCFM evolution of partons together with string fragmentation and particle decays. Additionally, they are determined for a next-to-leading order QCD calculation in the fixed flavo…
A status report on the prospects of measuring rare decays of charmed mesons at HERA is given. Based on actual experience with measuring charm at HERA, the sensitivity on limits of rare decays is estimated.
The production of charm and beauty quarks in ep interactions has been measured with the ZEUS detector at HERA for squared four-momentum exchange Q^2>20 GeV^2, using an integrated luminosity of 126 pb^{-1}. Charm and beauty quarks were identified through their decays into muons. Differential cross sections were measured for muon transverse momenta p_T^μ>1.5 GeV and pseudorapidities -1.6<η^μ<2.3, as a function of p_T^μ, η^μ, Q^2 and Bjorken x. The charm and beauty contributions to the proton structure function F_2 were also extracted. The results agree with previous measurements based on indepen…
Inclusive phi-meson production in neutral current deep inelastic e+p scattering has been measured with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 45 pb^{-1}. The phi mesons were studied in the range 10<Q2<100 GeV2, where Q2 is the virtuality of the exchanged photon, and in restricted kinematic regions in the transverse momentum, p_T, pseudorapidity, eta, and the scaled momentum in the Breit frame, x_p. Monte Carlo models with the strangeness-suppression factor as determined by analyses of e+e- annihilation events overestimate the cross sections. A smaller value of the strangen…
Inclusive charm and beauty cross sections are measured in e-p and e+p neutral current collisions at HERA in the kinematic region of photon virtuality 5<Q^2<2000 GeV^2 and Bjorken scaling variable 0.0002<x<0.05. The data were collected with the H1 detector in the years 2006 and 2007 corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 189 pb^-1. The numbers of charm and beauty events are determined using variables reconstructed by the H1 vertex detector including the impact parameter of tracks to the primary vertex and the position of the secondary vertex. The measurements are combined with previous da…
Production of final states containing open charm and beauty quarks at HERA is reviewed. Photoproduction (PHP) of the charm meson resonances D^*, D^0 and D_s, as well as D^* production in the deep inelastic scattering (DIS) regime, are measured and compared to QCD predictions. The excited charm mesons D^0_1(2420), D^{*0}_2(2460) and D^{+-}_{s1}(2536) have been observed and the rates of charm quarks hadronising to these mesons were extracted. A search for radially excited charm mesons has been performed. PHP and DIS beauty cross sections are higher than expected in next-to-leading order QCD.
Dijet angular distributions of photoproduction events in which a D*+/- meson is produced in association with one of two energetic jets have been measured using an integrated luminosity of 120 pb^1. The results are compared with predictions from leading-order parton-shower Monte Carlo models and with next-to-leading-order QCD calculations.
A resonance search has been made in the D^*+/- p^-/+ invariant-mass spectrum with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 126 pb^-1. The decay channels D^*+ -> D^0 pi^+_s -> (K^- pi^+) pi^+_s and D^*+ -> D^0 pi^+_s -> (K^- pi^+ pi^+ pi^-) pi^+_s (and the corresponding antiparticle decays) were used to identify D^*+/- mesons. No resonance structure was observed in the D^*+/- p^-/+ mass spectrum from more than 60000 reconstructed D^*+/- mesons. The results are not compatible with a report of the H1 Collaboration of a charmed pentaquark, Theta^0_c.
The HERA-B experiment at DESY has acquired a data set of approximately 300,000 decays J/psi -> l+l- during its 2002/2003 data-taking period. These data are used to analyze the production of heavy quarks in proton-nucleus interactions at a center-of-mass energy of 41.6 GeV. In this article, preliminary results of two measurements are discussed, a measurement of nuclear effects in the production of J/psi mesons and a measurement of the b-bbar production cross section.
Measurements are presented of diffractive open charm production at HERA. The event topology is given by ep -> eX Y where the system X contains at least one charmed hadron and is well separated by a large rapidity gap from a leading low-mass proton remnant system Y. Two analysis techniques are used for the cross section measurements. In the first, the charm quark is tagged by the reconstruction of a D*(2010) meson. This technique is used in deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) and photoproduction. In the second, a method based on the displacement of tracks from the primary vertex is used to measure …
Charm production data from HERA can be used to determine the charm quark mass and jet production data from HERA can be used to detrmine $α_s(M_Z)$. recent results are summarised.
HERA-B is a fixed target experiment at the 920 GeV HERA proton beam at DESY which uses a variety of nuclear targets. During the last data taking period from Nov. 2002 to Feb. 2003, 200 million minimum bias events were recorded. A large sample of V^0(K_zero, Lambda_zero, Lambda_zero_bar), approximately 20000 cascade hyperons Xi^(-/+) and 1200 Omega^(-/+) over low background were reconstructed using these data. About 1 million K^*(892) --> K pi and 60,000 phi(1020) --> K^+K^- decays in central production $(-0.15 < x_F < 0.1, 0.5 < p_t^2 < 12.1 (GeV/c)^2 were analyzed. Preliminary results for dif…
Recent measurements of Charm and Beauty production at HERA are described. The charm results are well described by NLO QCD calculations with a somewhat better description in the CCFM than in the DGLAP evolution schemes. However, the Beauty results in both photoproduction and in deep inelastic scattering (DIS) are poorly described by such calculations.
Two new states in the charm strange sector, DsJ(2317) and DsJ(2460), have recently been discovered at electron positron collider experiments. The new states are first observed in the dominant Ds pi0 and Ds* pi0 modes respectively and are very narrow. They are consistent with 0+ and 1+ P-wave charm anti-strange mesons. The DsJ(2460) meson is also observed in Ds gamma and Ds pi+ pi- modes. A review of the discoveries and possible explanations is given.
A measurement of charm and beauty dijet photoproduction cross sections at the ep collider HERA is presented. Events are selected with two or more jets of transverse momentum $p_t^{jet}_{1(2)}>11(8)$ GeV in the central range of pseudo-rapidity $-0.9<η^{jet}_{1(2)}<1.3$. The fractions of events containing charm and beauty quarks are determined using a method based on the impact parameter, in the transverse plane, of tracks to the primary vertex, as measured by the H1 central vertex detector. Differential dijet cross sections for charm and beauty, and their relative contributions to the flavour i…
We present measurements on D*+- production cross sections in deep inelastic e+p scattering with 1<Q^2<600 GeV^2 and 0.02<y<0.7 in two restricted kinematic regions in p_t(D*) and eta(D*). The decay channels D*+ -> D0 pi+ with subsequent decay D0 -> K- pi+ or D0 -> K- pi+ pi+ pi- (+c.c) are used. The cross sections are extrapolated to the full kinematic region to determine the charm contribution to the proton structure function.
Charm production in deep inelastic scattering has been measured with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 82 pb^{-1}. Charm has been tagged by reconstructing D^{*+}, D^0, D^{+} and D_s^+ (+ c.c.) charm mesons. The charm hadrons were measured in the kinematic range p_T(D^{*+},D^0,D^{+}) > 3 GeV, p_T(D_s^+)>2 GeV and |η(D)| < 1.6 for 1.5 < Q^2 < 1000 GeV^2 and 0.02 < y < 0.7. The production cross sections were used to extract charm fragmentation ratios and the fraction of c quarks hadronising into a particular charm meson in the kinematic range considered. The cross sectio…
The production of the excited charm mesons D_1(2420) and D^*_2(2460) in ep collisions has been measured with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 373 pb^{-1}. The masses of the neutral and charged states, the widths of the neutral states, and the helicity parameter of D_1(2420)^{0} were determined and compared with other measurements and with theoretical expectations. The measured helicity parameter of the D^0_1 allows for some mixing of S- and D-waves in its decay to D^{*\pm}π^{\mp}. The result is also consistent with a pure D-wave decay. Ratios of branching fractions o…
Light and charmed hadrons are produced copiously in ep collisions with a centre-of-mass energy of 318 GeV at HERA. Results of the ZEUS Collaboration on pentaquark searches, deuteron and antideuteron production and charmed-meson spectroscopy, obtained using the HERA I data, are summarised.
We report the latest results of the ZEUS collaboration on the photoproduction of D* mesons in a low W range. Differential cross sections as function of pt(D*) and eta(D*) are measured and compared with several recent NLO pQCD calculations. The differential cross-sections in a restricted kinematical region are higher than the NLO calculations, in particular in the forward (proton) direction. A recent pQCD model (BKL) describes the data reasonably well.
Selected recent ZEUS and H1 results on open charm and beauty production in high energy ep collisions are reviewed. Measurements of differential D* cross sections, charm meson production ratios and semi-leptonic beauty decays are discussed and compared with QCD predictions.
Measurements are presented of $K^0$ meson and $Λ$ baryon production in deep-inelastic positron-proton scattering (DIS) in the kinematic range $10 < Q^2 < 70 $GeV$^2$ and $10^{-4} < x < 10^{-2}$. The measurements, obtained using the H1 detector at the HERA collider, are discussed in the light of possible mechanisms for increased strangeness production at low Bjorken-$x$. Comparisons of the $x_F$ spectra, where $x_F$ is the fractional longitudinal momentum in the hadronic centre-of-mass frame, with results from electron-positron annihilation are made. The $x_F$ spectra and the $K^0$ ``seagull'' …
Inclusive production of K0S K0S in ep collisions was studied with the ZEUS detector. Significant production of JPC=2++ tensor mesons and of the 0++ glueball candidate f0(1710) was seen. Masses and widths were compared with previous experiments. The H1 Collaboration saw a charm pentaquark candidate in the D*p spectrum at 3.1 GeV, which was not confirmed by a ZEUS higher statistics search. With the full HERA data, H1 did not see a signal in this region. Masses, widths and helicity parameters of excited charm and charm-strange mesons were measured by ZEUS. Rates of c-quarks hadronising into these…
Measurements of cross sections for events with charm and beauty jets in deep inelastic scattering at HERA are presented. Events with jets of transverse energy E_T^jet > 6 GeV and pseudorapidity -1.0 < eta^jet < 1.5 in the laboratory frame are selected in the kinematic region of photon virtuality Q^2 > 6 GeV^2 and inelasticity variable 0.07 < y < 0.625. Measurements are also made requiring a jet in the Breit frame with E_T^*jet > 6 GeV. The data were collected with the H1 detector in the years 2006 and 2007 corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 189 pb^-1. The numbers of charm and beauty …
Measurements of the suppression of the yield per nucleon and differential distributions of $J / ψ$ production for 920 GeV/c protons incident on heavy nuclear targets have been made with broad coverage in $p_T$ and negative coverage in $x_F$ of produced meson. Production ratios of $ψ(2S)$ to $J / ψ$ and $χ_c$ to $J / ψ$ have been measured with a high accuracy. The $D^+$ and $D^0$ production cross sections as well as $D^+$ to $D^0$ ratio have been obtained on one of the highest statistics available in proton nucleus experiments.
The K0s-p invariant mass spectrum was reconstructed in several kinematic regions with the main emphasis on the studies of the production mechanism of the Theta+ candidate recently observed by ZEUS. The candidate Theta+ signal was found to be produced predominantly in the forward hemisphere in the laboratory frame. This is unlike the case for the Lambda(1520) or the Lambda(c), and indicates that the Theta+ may have an unusual production mechanism related to proton-remnant fragmentation. H1 does not observe a signal and sets an upper limit at 95% C.L. which does not exclude the ZEUS observation.
This paper presents measurements of \k\ and \lam\ production in neutral current, deep inelastic scattering of 26.7 GeV electrons and 820 GeV protons in the kinematic range $ 10 < Q^{2} < 640 $ GeV$^2$, $0.0003 < x < 0.01$, and $y > 0.04$. Average multiplicities for \k\ and \lam\ production are determined for transverse momenta \ \ptr\ $> 0.5 $ GeV and pseudorapidities $\left| η\right| < 1.3$. The multiplicities favour a stronger strange to light quark suppression in the fragmentation chain than found in $e^+ e^-$ experiments. The production properties of \k's in events with and without a large…
We compute the predictions of intrinsic charm for deep-inelastic scattering at high-Q^2 and compare to HERA data. With the inclusion of constraints from low-energy data, enhancements beyond the predictions of standard structure functions are very modest, but peaking in the leptoquark mass variable is present near 200 GeV. Ultimately, the ability of HERA to probe the intrinsic charm hypothesis could be very substantial.
Several recent measurements of charmed hadron production in deep inelastic scattering at HERA are reviewed. Cross sections for the production of D mesons were measured and compared to NLO QCD predictions. The charm contribution to the inclusive structure function F_{2} was extracted and compared to previous measurements and theoretical predictions. The reconstruction of decays with a neutral strange hadron in the final state allowed the measurement of charm production to be extended into the low transverse momentum region. The fraction of c quarks hadronising into Lambda_{c}^{+} baryons was ex…
Measurements of cross sections for beauty and charm events with dijets and a muon in the photoproduction regime at HERA are presented. The data were collected with the H1 detector and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 179 pb^{-1}. Events with dijets of transverse momentum P_T^{jet1} > 7 GeV and P_T^{jet2} > 6 GeV in the pseudorapidity range -1.5< η^{jet} < 2.5 in the laboratory frame are selected in the kinematic region of photon virtuality Q^2 < 2.5 GeV^2 and inelasticity 0.2 < y < 0.8. One of the two selected jets must be associated to a muon with P_T^μ > 2.5 GeV in the pseudorapidit…
An overview over the recent heavy flavour results of the H1 and ZEUS collaborations is presented. Various techniques to tag the heavy quark, which allow to explore different phase space regions, are employed. Predictions of pertubative QCD are compared to the charm and beauty production data. Charm and beauty fractions of the proton structure function $F_2$ are
Results on open charm and beauty production and on the search for top production in high-energy electron-proton collisions at HERA are reviewed. This includes a discussion of relevant theoretical aspects, a summary of the available measurements and measurement techniques, and their impact on improved understanding of QCD and its parameters, such as parton density functions and charm- and beauty-quark masses. The impact of these results on measurements at the LHC and elsewhere is also addressed.
We determine the charm-quark mass mc(mc) in the MS-bar scheme using measurements of charm production in deep-inelastic ep scattering at HERA in the kinematic range of photon virtuality from 5 to 1000 GeV squared and Bjorken scaling variable from 0.0001 to 0.5. The extraction of charm quark mass from this process with space-like kinematics provides complementary information to results from hadronic processes. The QCD analysis of the HERA data yields a value of mc(mc) of 1.27 plus minus 0.05(exp) plus 0.06 minus 0.01(scale) GeV at next-to-leading order and mc(mc) of 1.36 plus minus 0.04(exp) plu…
The charm fragmentation function has been measured in D* photoproduction with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 120 pb-1. The fragmentation function is measured versus z = (E+p_parallel){D*}/2E{jet}, where E is the energy of the D* meson and p_parallel is the longitudinal momentum of the D* meson relative to the axis of the associated jet of energy E{jet}. Jets were reconstructed using the kT clustering algorithm and required to have transverse energy larger than 9 GeV. The D* meson associated with the jet was required to have a transverse momentum larger than 2 GeV. …
First results on inclusive D0 and D* production in deep inelastic $ep$ scattering are reported using data collected by the H1 experiment at HERA in 1994. Differential cross sections are presented for both channels and are found to agree well with QCD predictions based on the boson gluon fusion process. A charm production cross section for 10 GeV$^2\le Q^2\le100$~GeV$^2$ and $0.01\le y\le0.7$ of $σ(ep\to c\barcX) = (17.4 \pm 1.6 \pm 1.7 \pm 1.4)$~nb is derived. A first measurement of the charm contribution F2_charm(x,Q^2) to the proton structure function for Bjorken $x$ between $8\cdot10^{-4}$ …
Heavy quark structure functions from HERA provide a direct handle on the medium and small-x gluon PDF. In this contribution, we discuss ongoing progress on the implementation of the FONLL General-Mass scheme with running heavy quark masses, and of its benchmarking with the HOPPET and OpenQCDrad codes, and then present the impact of the recently released combined HERA charm production cross sections in the NNPDF2.3 analysis. We find that the combined charm data contribute to constraining the gluon and quarks at small values of Bjorken-x.
We apply the method of ratios to search for geometrical scaling in the charm production in deep inelastic scattering. To this end we use recent combined data from H1 and ZEUS experiments. Two forms of geometrical scaling are tested: originally proposed scaling which results from Golec-Biernat-Wusthoff model and scaling motivated by a dipole representation which takes into account charm mass. It turns out that in both cases some residual scaling is present and charm mass inclusion improves scaling quality.
This review is devoted to the study of charm production in ep and pp collisions. The total set of measurements obtained by the two collaborations H1 and ZEUS from HERA and their combination is outlined, as well as complementary data obtained by the LHCb collaboration at the LHC. After fitting the parton distribution functions the charm production cross sections are predicted within perturbative QCD at next-to-leading order using the fixed-flavour-number scheme. Agreement with the data is found. The combined HERA charm data are sensitive to the $c$-quark mass and enabled its accurate determinat…
The ZEUS data on the charm structure function F_2^c at small x fit well to a single power of x, corresponding to the exchange of a hard pomeron that is flavour-blind. When combined with the contribution from the exchange of a soft pomeron, the hard pomeron gives a good description of elastic $J/ψ$ photoproduction.
