行星系统中小天体的动力学
Dynamics of small bodies in planetary systems
摘要：
已知拥有碎片盘的恒星数量比已知拥有行星的恒星数量要多。这些圆盘被探测到，因为尘埃是在圆盘中的微行星毁灭时产生的，就像太阳系中的小行星带和柯伊伯带产生尘埃一样。对于最近的恒星，其碎片盘的结构可以直接成像，显示出各种各样的轴对称和非对称结构。成功地解释这些图像需要了解行星系统中小天体的动力学，因为这可以使观测到的尘埃分布去卷积，以提供有关较大天体（如微行星和行星）分布的信息。本章回顾了在碎片盘中看到的结构，并介绍了可用于解释这些观测结果的盘动力学理论。通过这种方式，许多观测到的结构，无论是轴对称的还是非对称的，都可以用一个模型来解释，在这个模型中，尘埃是在一个被附近一个尚未看到的行星扰动的微行星带中产生的。虽然行星预测仍需确认，但碎片盘显然有可能提供关于太阳系外行星系统结构的独特信息，因为它们可以告诉我们类似于海王星甚至地球的行星。目前该模型的主要缺陷是无法预测系统中小颗粒的数量，也无法解释某些系统中短暂尘埃的来源。鉴于行星系统动力学的复杂性以及碎片盘的结构很容易反映出这一点，对碎片盘的研究似乎必然会在我们了解太阳系外行星系统方面发挥至关重要的作用。
英文摘要：
The number of stars that are known to have debris disks is greater than that of stars known to harbour planets. These disks are detected because dust is created in the destruction of planetesimals in the disks much in the same way that dust is produced in the asteroid belt and Kuiper belt in the solar system. For the nearest stars the structure of their debris disks can be directly imaged, showing a wide variety of both axisymmetric and asymmetric structures. A successful interpretation of these images requires a knowledge of the dynamics of small bodies in planetary systems, since this allows the observed dust distribution to be deconvolved to provide information on the distribution of larger objects, such as planetesimals and planets. This chapter reviews the structures seen in debris disks, and describes a disk dynamical theory which can be used to interpret those observations. In this way much of the observed structures, both axisymmetric and asymmetric, can be explained by a model in which the dust is produced in a planetesimal belt which is perturbed by a nearby, as yet unseen, planet. While the planet predictions still require confirmation, it is clear that debris disks have the potential to provide unique information about the structure of extrasolar planetary systems, since they can tell us about planets analogous to Neptune and even the Earth. Significant failings of the model at present are its inability to predict the quantity of small grains in a system, and to explain the origin of the transient dust seen in some systems. Given the complexity of planetary system dynamics and how that is readily reflected in the structure of a debris disk, it seems inevitable that the study of debris disks will play a vital role in our understanding of extrasolar planetary systems.
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