Lema-Tolman-Bondi尘埃模型中的空间体积平均第一部分:反力、空间曲率和binding energy
On spatial volume averaging in Lema\^ıtre--Tolman--Bondi dust models. Part I: back reaction, spacial curvature and binding energy
Roberto A. Sussman
备注:
This replacement corrects an important error of the previous version. The paper (part I) now deals only with back--reaction, spatial curvature and other issues, leaving "effective acceleration" for a follow up article (part II). No further modifications will be made. 40 pages in IOP LaTeX format
We provide a comprehensive analytic study (rigorous and qualitative) of the conditions for the existence of a a positive kinematic back reaction term $\QQ>0$, in the context of Buchert's scalar averaging formalism applied to spherically symmetric Lemaître-Tolman-Bondi (LTB) dust solutions in which averaging domains are given as spherical comoving regions containing a symmetry center. We introduce proper volume and quasi-local average functionals and functions in order to examine the conditions for $\QQ\geq 0$, and in the process we also explore the relation between back reaction, spatial curvature and binding energy for a wide variety of LTB configurations. The back reaction term is positive for all "hyperbolic" regular domains with negative spatial curvature, either in the full radial range or in the radial asymptotic range. This result is also valid if these domains contain an inner "elliptic" region with positive curvature undergoing local collapse. For some cases in which positive spatial curvature decreases asymptotically, the conditions for a positive back reaction can still be met but seem to be more restrictive. Since $\QQ>0$ is a necessary condition for a positive "effective" acceleration that would mimic the effect of dark energy (in the context of Buchert's formalism), we examine this issue in LTB models in a follow up paper (part II).
We investigate exact solutions and the asymptotic dynamics for the Friedmann-Lema\^ıtre-Robertson-Walker universe with nonzero spatial curvature in the fourth-order modified teleparallel gravitational theory known as $f\left( T, B\right) $ theory. We show that the field equations admit a minisuperspace description, and they can reproduce any exact form of the scale factor. Moreover, we calculate the equilibrium points and analyze their stability. We show that Milne and Milne-like solutions are supported, and the de Sitter universe is provided. To complete our analysis, we use Poincaré variable…
This paper aims to analyze the generalization of Lema\^ıtre-Tolman-Bondi (LTB) spacetime for dissipative dust under the influence of Palatini $f(R)$ gravity. We explore the modified field equations, kinematical variables, and mass function in this scenario. We construct Bianchi identities using conservation and differential equations for shear, expansion, and curvature scalar in the background of Palatini $f(R)$ gravity. We calculated the scalar functions coming from the orthogonal decomposition of the Riemann tensor in this framework. These scalar functions known as structure scalars have bee…
In the quantum treatment of collapsing matter, a viable mode analysis is supposed to give information regarding emission during the collapse. Nevertheless, partly owing to operator ordering ambiguities involved in a typical quantum gravity analysis, the availability of such well-defined modes is not guaranteed. We study the mode decomposition of the unitarily evolving wave packet constructed for the quantum model of spherically symmetric dust collapsing in a marginally bound Lema\^ıtre-Tolman-Bondi (LTB) model. We identify the observable depicting mode decomposition, and using the freedom of o…
The description of spacetime is an fundamental problem of cosmology. We explain why the current assignments of spacetime geometries for $Ω_k$ of the Friedmann-Lema\^ıtre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) model are probably incorrect and suggest more useful descriptions. We show that $Ω_k$ represents not only curvature but the influence of matter density on the extent of spacetime between massive objects. Recent analyses of supernovae type Ia (SNe Ia) and HII/GEHR data with the FLRW model present the best fits with a small value for $Ω_m$ and a large $Ω_k$. These results are consistent with our Universe …
We consider general radially moving frames realized in the background of nonextremal black holes having causal structure similar to that of the Schwarzschild metric. In doing so, we generalize the Lema\^ıtre approach, constructing free-falling frames which are built from the reference particles with an arbitrary specific energy $e_{0}$ including $e_{0}<0$ and a special case $e_{0}=0$. The general formula of 3-velocity of a freely falling particle with the specific energy $e$ with respect to a frame with $% e_{0}$ is presented. We point out the relation between the properties of considered fram…
We consider inhomogeneous spherically symmetric models based on the Lemaître-Tolman-Bondi (LTB) metric, assuming as its source an interactive mixture of ordinary baryonic matter, cold dark matter and dark energy with a coupling term proportional to the addition of energy densities of both dark fluids. We reduce Einstein's field equations to a first order 7-dimensional autonomous dynamical system of evolution equations and algebraic constraints. We study in detail the evolution of the energy density and spatial curvature profiles along the phase space by means of two subspace projections: a thr…
It is well known that positive values of redshift drift is a signature of dark energy within the conventionally studied Friedmann-Lema\^ıtre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) universe models. Here we show -- without making assumptions on the metric tensor of the Universe -- that redshift drift is a promising direct probe of violation of the strong energy condition within the theory of general relativity.
The locus of $θ\equiv {k^μ};_μ = 0$ for bundles of light rays emitted at noncentral points is investigated for Lema\^ıtre -- Tolman (L--T) models. The three loci that coincide for a central emission point: (1) maxima of $R$ along the rays, (2) $θ= 0$, (3) $R = 2M$ are all different for a noncentral emitter. If an extremum of $R$ along a nonradial ray exists, then it must lie in the region $R > 2M$. In $2M < R \leq 3M$ it can only be a maximum; in $R > 3M$ both minima and maxima can exist. The intersection of (1) with the equatorial hypersurface (EHS) $\vartheta = π/2$ is numerically determined…
In this work we study the birth of Friedmann-Lema\^ıtre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) models with zero ($k=0$) and negative ($k=-1$) curvatures of the spatial sections. The material content of the models is composed of a radiation perfect fluid and a positive cosmological constant. The models also have the presence of an ad hoc potential which origin is believed to be of geometrical nature. In order to describe the birth of these universes, we quantize them using quantum cosmology. Initially, we obtain the Wheeler-DeWitt equations and solve them using the WKB approximation. We notice that the presen…
We investigate exact and analytic solutions in $f\left( T\right) $ gravity within the context of a Friedmann--Lema\^ıtre--Robertson--Walker background space with nonzero spatial curvature. For the power law theory $f\left( T\right) =T^{n}$ we find that the field equations admit an exact solution with a linear scalar factor for negative and positive spatial curvature. That Milne-like solution is asymptotic behaviour for the scale factor near the initial singularity for the model $f\left( T\right) =T+f_{0}T^{n}-2Λ$. The analytic solution for that specific theory is presented in terms of Painlevé…
Cosmological models typically neglect the complicated nature of the spacetime manifold at small scales in order to hypothesize idealized general relativistic solutions for describing the average dynamics of the Universe. Although these solutions are remarkably successful in accounting for data, they introduce a number of puzzles in cosmology, and their foundational assumptions are therefore important to test. In this paper, we go beyond the usual assumptions in cosmology and propose a formalism for averaging the local general relativistic spacetime on an observer's past null cone: we formulate…