狭义相对论硬币的两面
The two faces of the coin of Special Relativity
摘要：
现代物理学教科书很少强调，我们对空间和时间的定义必须反映它们完全相互依赖的关系。我们的直觉方法总是把一维空间想象成单位长度的杆的总和，把一维时间想象成时钟连续的滴答声，这在潜意识中暗示着空间的变化永远不会改变时间，反之亦然。在本文中，我们提出了一个汇编列表流行的论点反对狭义相对论，我们展示了我们的错误直觉信念，即空间的定义总是独立于时间的定义，反之亦然，确实是这些论点背后的驱动力。一旦空间和时间之间的相互依存关系在各自的定义中建立起来，就会显示出这种争论是如何迅速解决的。空间和时间之间的相互依赖性以两种不同的方式描述，这两种方式在数学上不同，但在物理上等效。我们展示了如何通过假设一个时间独立的测量工具的空间，时间应该被定义在空间方面，以反映他们的相互依赖性，这产生洛伦兹变换。如果我们假设一个与空间无关的时间测量工具，那么空间应该用时间来定义，这就产生了一组不同的方程。接下来，它显示了狭义相对论硬币的两个不同面，虽然数学上不同，但从物理角度来看基本上是等效的，并且两者都产生相同的速度，长度收缩和时间膨胀效应的增加定律。这两组方程在物理解释上的明显差异归因于两种情况下使用的空间和时间定义的差异。
英文摘要：
It is rarely emphasized in modern physics textbooks that our definitions of space and time have to reflect their complete interdependence. Our intuitive methods of always picturing one-dimensional space as a sum of unit-length rods and of picturing one-dimensional time as consecutive ticks of a clock suggest subconsciously that changes in space never alter time and vice versa. In this paper, we present a compiled list of popular arguments against Special Relativity, and we show how our erroneous intuitive conviction that the definition of space is always independent of the definition of time and vice versa is indeed the driving force behind these arguments. Once interdependence between space and time is established within their respective definitions, it is shown how such arguments are quickly resolved. Interdependence between space and time is described in two different ways, which are mathematically different but physically equivalent. We show how by assuming a time-independent measurement tool for space, time should be defined in terms of space to reflect their interdependence and this yields Lorentz Transformation. If we assume a space-independent measurement tool for time, space should be defined in terms of time, and this yields a different set of equations. Next, it is shown how the two different faces of the coin of Special Relativity, while mathematically different, are essentially equivalent from a physical point of view, and that both yield the same laws of addition of velocity, length contraction and time dilation effects. The apparent differences in physical interpretations between the two sets of equations are attributed to the differences in the definitions of space and time used in both cases.
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