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arXiv 0806.4904astro-ph
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用哈勃太空望远镜直接探测北极星的近伴星

Direct Detection of the Close Companion of Polaris with the Hubble Space Telescope

Nancy Remage Evans, Gail H. Schaefer, Howard E. Bond, Giuseppe Bono, Margarita Karovska, Edmund Nelan, Dimitar Sasselov, Brian D. Mason

摘要:

北极星是距离地球最近、最明亮的经典造父变星,是一颗单线分光双星,轨道周期为30年。利用哈勃太空望远镜(HST)上的高级巡天照相机的高分辨率通道,在~ 2255 nm的波长下,我们直接探测到了距离为0 \farcs 17的微弱伴星。1.04年后的第二次HST观测证实了轨道运动在逆行方向。通过将我们的两种测量与Kamper的光谱轨道以及Wielen等人对依巴谷和FK 5自行的分析相结合,我们发现北极星Aa的质量为4.5^{+2.2}_{-1.4} M_ \odot --这是第一个为造父变星确定的纯动力学质量。对于暗伴星北极星Ab,我们发现其动力学质量为1.26^{+0.14}_{-0.07} M_ \odot,与推测的光谱类型F6 V和在2255 ° C观测到的5.4等的通量差一致。在V波段的星等差估计为7.2马格。继续HST观测将显着减少质量误差,这是目前仍然太大,提供关键的约束对流过冲,质量损失,旋转和不透明的作用在中等质量恒星的演化。我们的天体测量,结合两个世纪的档案测量,也证实了著名的,更遥远的(18”)视觉伴侣,北极星B,有一个几乎共同的自行与Aa,Ab对。这与长周期束缚系统中的轨道运动是一致的。如果北极星B与北极星Aa、Ab具有相同的距离,则它的紫外亮度符合其已知的F3 V光谱类型。

英文摘要:

Polaris, the nearest and brightest classical Cepheid, is a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 30 years. Using the High Resolution Channel of the Advanced Camera for Surveys onboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) at a wavelength of ~2255Å, we have directly detected the faint companion at a separation of 0\farcs17. A second HST observation 1.04 yr later confirms orbital motion in a retrograde direction. By combining our two measures with the spectroscopic orbit of Kamper and an analysis of the Hipparcos and FK5 proper motions by Wielen et al., we find a mass for Polaris Aa of 4.5^{+2.2}_{-1.4} M_\odot--the first purely dynamical mass determined for any Cepheid. For the faint companion Polaris Ab we find a dynamical mass of 1.26^{+0.14}_{-0.07} M_\odot, consistent with an inferred spectral type of F6 V and with the flux difference of 5.4 mag observed at 2255Å. The magnitude difference at the V band is estimated to be 7.2 mag. Continued HST observations will significantly reduce the mass errors, which are presently still too large to provide critical constraints on the roles of convective overshoot, mass loss, rotation, and opacities in the evolution of intermediate-mass stars. Our astrometry, combined with two centuries of archival measurements, also confirms that the well-known, more distant (18") visual companion, Polaris B, has a nearly common proper motion with that of the Aa,Ab pair. This is consistent with orbital motion in a long-period bound system. The ultraviolet brightness of Polaris B is in accordance with its known F3 V spectral type if it has the same distance as Polaris Aa,Ab.

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