2005年1月20日太阳极端事件：耀斑的性质和高能粒子的起源
An Extreme Solar Event of 20 January 2005: Properties of the Flare and the Origin of Energetic Particles
摘要：
从两个方面分析了2005年1月20日的极端太阳事件和SEP事件。首先，我们研究耀斑的主相的特征，当最强的微波辐射高达200 MeV的伽马射线被观察到。其次，我们将我们的研究结果与关于到达地球的SEP起源的长期争议联系起来，即，耀斑的加速或日冕物质抛射前的激波。在主耀斑阶段，所有从微波到2.22兆电子伏的伽马射线线的发射都起源于一个位于太阳黑子本影上方的紧凑结构。观测到一个巨大的射电爆发，其最大频率为30 GHz，表明在强磁场中存在大量高能电子。因此，质子和电子负责耀斑发射在其主要阶段内的活动区的磁场加速。GLE的主要脉冲部分和由π ^0衰变发射确定的最高能量伽马射线是相似的，并且在时间上是对应的。π ^0衰变伽马射线的起源被认为与低能辐射的起源相同。我们估计日冕物质抛射的天面速度为2000-2600公里/秒，即，高，但与来自同一活动区的先前非GLE相关CME的顺序相同。因此，耀斑本身而不是CME似乎决定了这一事件的极端性质。我们的结论是，加速，至少，亚相对论能量，电子和质子，负责耀斑的排放和领先的尖峰SEP/GLE由07 UT，很可能同时发生在耀斑区域内。我们不排除粒子加速的可能贡献CME驱动的冲击领先的GLE尖峰，这似乎占主导地位。
英文摘要：
The extreme solar and SEP event of 20 January 2005 is analyzed from two perspectives. Firstly, we study features of the main phase of the flare, when the strongest emissions from microwaves up to 200 MeV gamma-rays were observed. Secondly, we relate our results to a long-standing controversy on the origin of SEPs arriving at Earth, i.e., acceleration in flares, or shocks ahead of CMEs. All emissions from microwaves up to 2.22 MeV line gamma-rays during the main flare phase originated within a compact structure located just above sunspot umbrae. A huge radio burst with a frequency maximum at 30 GHz was observed, indicating the presence of a large number of energetic electrons in strong magnetic fields. Thus, protons and electrons responsible for flare emissions during its main phase were accelerated within the magnetic field of the active region. The leading, impulsive parts of the GLE, and highest-energy gamma-rays identified with pi^0-decay emission, are similar and correspond in time. The origin of the pi^0-decay gamma-rays is argued to be the same as that of lower energy emissions. We estimate the sky-plane speed of the CME to be 2000-2600 km/s, i.e., high, but of the same order as preceding non-GLE-related CMEs from the same active region. Hence, the flare itself rather than the CME appears to determine the extreme nature of this event. We conclude that the acceleration, at least, to sub-relativistic energies, of electrons and protons, responsible for both the flare emissions and the leading spike of SEP/GLE by 07 UT, are likely to have occurred simultaneously within the flare region. We do not rule out a probable contribution from particles accelerated in the CME-driven shock for the leading GLE spike, which seemed to dominate later on.
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