Elena Gallo
I shall briefly review the observational properties of radio-emitting jets from Galactic X-ray binaries in relation with other wavebands: infrared, optical and X-ray. Special attention is paid to recent results obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope on quiescent black holes as well as ultra-compact neutron star X-ray binaries
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It has been known for two decades that a tight correlation exists between far-infrared (FIR) and radio (1.4 and 4.8 GHz) global fluxes/luminosities from galaxies, which may be explained in terms of massive star formation activities in these galaxies. For this very reason, a correlation might also exist between X-ray and FIR/radio global luminosities of galaxies. We analyze data from {\it ROSAT} All-Sky Survey and {\it IRAS} to show that such correlation does indeed exist between FIR (42.5$-122.5μ$m) and soft X-ray (0.1$-$2.4keV) luminosities in active star-forming galaxies (ASFGs).In order to …
The question whether quiescent black hole X-ray binaries are capable of powering relativistic outflows is addressed by means of simultaneous radio/X-ray observations of a nearby system steadily emitting X-rays below 1e-8 times the Eddington luminosity. The robust detection of a radio counterpart suggests that a synchrotron emitting outflow is being powered by this system, even though its degree of collimation remains unknown, and hard to investigate. With the inclusion of the A0620-00 data, the non linear radio/X-ray correlation for hard state black hole X-ray binaries appears to hold down to …
This is the second of two papers based on a systematic multi-wavelength (X, B, H, 12$μ$m, FIR, 6cm) statistical analysis of the {\it Einstein Observatory Galaxy Catalog} sample of 234 `normal' S0/a-Irr galaxies. This sample is representative of spiral galaxies (Paper I), and its wide wavelength coverage provides a unique opportunity for a systematic exploration of the relations among different emission bands, that can give novel insight on the different emission processes and their relation to galaxian components, as a function of galaxy morphology.
We analyzed the regions of star formation in the spiral galaxies NGC 3184 and NGC 3938 from archive images at multiple wavelengths (NUV from GALEX, H-alpha from JKT and KPNO, 8 and 24 um from Spitzer, and CO from BIMA). We used the Clump Find Algorithm to extract the properties of the star forming tracers shown as emission regions at each wavelength. We obtained a power-law relation between the luminosity and the emission region volume that scales as expected, $L proportional to V, for the H-alpha and NUV emission; but much faster for the dust (8 and 24 um) and molecular gas emitting regions i…
The hot, puffed up, post-shock region of an advective disc is the source of high energy photons and also the jets and outflows. We study the relativistic equations of motion of jets as these high energy photons interact with them. We show that the much discussed terminal velocity of jets depends on the comparative value of radiative energy density, flux and the radiative pressure. We show that electron-positron pair plasma jets achieves highly relativistic terminal speeds for higher disc luminosities.
We present results based on the first 20 Chandra images obtained in a survey of jets in radio selected flat-spectrum quasars (FSRQs), along with new sub-arcsecond radio maps and optical images. We discover jet X-ray flux in 12 sources despite short exposures, establishing that FSRQ jets are often X-ray bright. The X-ray morphology typically matches the radio and fades rapidly after the first sharp radio bend, but there are notable exceptions. Optical non-detections rule out simple synchrotron models for jet X-ray emission, implying these systems are dominated by inverse Compton (IC) scattering…
We study the properties of ultracompact jets in several prominent radio sources (Cygnus A, 3C 309.1, 3C 345, 3C 395, 4C 39.25, and 1038+528 A), using the frequency dependence of observed position of the optically thick jet core. Frequency dependent offsets of the core positions are used for calculating the luminosities, magnetic fields, and geometrical properties of the jets. Opacity effects are studied, for both synchrotron self-absorption and external free-free absorption. Pressure and density gradients in the jets and in surrounding ambient medium are shown to be a primary factor determinin…
The low-luminosity active galactic nuclei in NGC 3147, NGC 4203, and NGC 4579 have been imaged at four frequencies with the Very Long Baseline Array. The galaxies are unresolved at all frequencies, with size upper limits of $10^3-10^4$ times the Schwarzschild radii of their central massive black holes. The spectral indices between 1.7 and 5.0 GHz range from 0.2 to 0.4; one and possibly two of the galaxies show spectral turnovers between 5.0 and 8.4 GHz. The high brightness temperatures ($> 10^9$ K) and relatively straight spectra imply that free-free emission and/or absorption cannot account f…
We examine the relationship between the total X-ray and optical luminosities of groups and clusters of galaxies taken from various samples in the literature. The clusters and groups were drawn from four different catalogs: (1) the Abell/ACO catalog, (2) the Edinburgh-Durham Cluster Catalog, (3) the RASS Bright Cluster Sample, and (4) galaxy groups selected from the CfA redshift survey. These catalogs represent a significant cross-section of cluster selection tchniques as well as a wide range in mass scale and can be considered statistically independent. We have calculated new cluster X-ray and…
Many jets exhibit twisted helical structures. Where superluminal motions are detected, jet orientation and pattern/flow speed are considerably constrained. In this case modeling efforts can place strong limits on conditions in the jet and in the external environment. This can be done by modeling the spatial development of helical structures which are sensitively dependent on these conditions. Along an expanding jet this sensitivity manifests itself in predictable changes in pattern speed and observed wavelength. In general, twists of low frequency relative to the local resonant frequency are a…
This paper examines what can be learned about high-redshift star formation from the small fraction of high-redshift galaxies' luminosities that is emitted at accessible wavelengths. We review and quantify empirical correlations between bolometric luminosities produced by star formation and the UV, mid-IR, sub-mm, and radio luminosities of galaxies in the local universe. These correlations suggest that observations of high-redshift galaxies at any of these wavelengths should constrain their star-formation rates to within 0.2--0.3 dex. We assemble the limited evidence that high-redshift galaxies…
In this brief note we point out that the four spatially resolved relativistic jets among the 14 dynamically confirmed black hole X-ray novae are all in systems with long orbital periods. Many shorter period systems show transient radio outbursts which are attributed to jets, but these jets have not been spatially resolved. Super-Eddington accretion has been suggested as a requirement for jet formation and may be consistent with our compilation of luminosities, but some super-Eddington outbursts did not form spatially resolved jets. We speculate that some as yet unknown process (or combination …
(Abridged) We present a comprehensive study of the relation between radio and X-ray emission in neutron star X-ray binaries, use this to infer the general properties of the disc-jet coupling in such systems, and compare the results quantitatively with those already established for black hole systems. There are clear qualitative similarities between the two classes of object: hard states below about 1% of the Eddington luminosity produce steady jets, while transient jets are associated with outbursting and variable sources at the highest luminosities. However, there are important quantitative d…
The narrow emission line luminosities of radio-loud AGN are well-correlated with their low-frequency radio luminosities. This correlation is linear and extends over at least four orders of magnitude. The correlation is discussed in terms of a linear relationship between the power in the radio-emitting jets and the photoionizing (i.e. accretion) luminosity. Support for this theory comes from a direct correlation between the optical continuum and radio luminosities of steep-spectrum quasars. We discuss the dependence of the observed luminosities of AGN on their black hole masses and how close to…
The majority of nearby radio-loud AGN are found in massive, old elliptical galaxies with weak emission lines. At high redshifts,however, most known radio AGN have strong emission lines. In this paper, we examine a subset of radio AGN with emission lines selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The probability for a nearby radio AGN to have emission lines is a strongly decreasing function of galaxy mass and an increasing function of radio luminosity above 10^25 W/Hz. Emission line and radio luminosities are correlated, but with large dispersion. At a given radio power, AGN with small black h…
The observational evidence for jets and phenomena arising from rotation powered radio pulsars is reviewed, including many recent and exciting discoveries at X-ray wavelengths. The well studied jets of the Crab pulsar are summarised, including recent results from the HST. The evolutionary links between the known binary radio pulsars and jets sources in X-ray binaries are discussed.
Preliminary VLBA polarisation results on 6 ``blazars'' from 6.5-cm to 7-mm are presented here. Observing at several different wavelengths, separated by short and long intervals, enabled reliable information about the magnetic (B) field structure to be obtained and for the effect of Faraday Rotation to be determined and corrected. For all sources the magnitude of the core Rotation Measure (RM) derived from the shorter wavelength data was greater than that derived from the longer wavelength data, consistent with a higher electron density and/or B-field strength closer to the central engine. A tr…
A self-similar solution for the 3D axi-symmetric radiative MHD equations, which revisits the formation and acceleration of accretion-powered jets in AGNs and microquasars, is presented. The model relies primarily on electromagnetic extraction of rotational energy from the disk plasma and forming a geometrically thin super-Keplerian layer between the disk and the overlying corona. The outflowing plasma in this layer is dissipative, two-temperature, virial-hot, advective and electron-proton dominated. The innermost part of the disk in this model is turbulent-free, sub-Keplerian rotating and adve…
(abridged) We study a previously discovered protostellar source that is deeply embedded and drives an energetic molecular outflow. The source, UYSO1, is located close to IRAS 07029-1215 at a distance of ~1 kpc. The multi-wavelength observations resulted in the detection of a double intermediate-mass protostar at the location of UYSO1. In addition to the associated molecular outflow, with a projected size of 0.25 pc, two intersecting near-infrared jets with projected sizes of 0.4 pc and 0.2 pc were found. However, no infrared counterparts to the driving sources could be detected in sensitive ne…
This paper presents multiwavelength imaging and broad-band spectroscopy of the relativistic jets in the two nearby radio galaxies 3C 371 and PKS 2201+044, acquired with Chandra, HST, VLA, and Merlin. Radio polarization images are also available. The two sources stand out as "intermediate'' between FRIs and FRIIs; their cores are classified as BL Lacs, although broad and narrow optical emission lines were detected at times. The multiwavelength images show jet morphologies with the X-ray emission peaking closer to the nucleus than the longer wavelengths. The jets are resolved at all wavelengths …
Despite significant strides made towards understanding accretion, outflow, and emission processes in the Galactic Center supermassive black hole Sagittarius A*, the presence of jets has neither been rejected nor proven. We investigate here whether the combined spectral and morphological properties of the source at radio through near infrared wavelengths are consistent with the predictions for inhomogeneous jets. In particular, we construct images of jets at a wavelength of 7mm based on models that are consistent with the spectrum of Sgr A*. We then compare these models through closure quantiti…
We present MERLIN, global VLBI and VLBA observations of the high-luminosity, compact steep-spectrum quasar B1524$-$136 at cm wavelengths. These observations reveal well-defined radio jets on both sides of the active nucleus, a situation which is almost unique amongst high-luminosity radio quasars. However, the radio jets on opposite sides are very dissimilar, and the overall radio structure appears highly distorted. We discuss possible implications of these observations.
The fine-scale structure and the kinematics of relativistic active galactic nuclei (AGN) jets have been studied by very-long-baseline interferometry at very high resolutions since 1998 at 2 cm wavelength for a sample of over a hundred radio sources (VLBA 2cm Survey and MOJAVE programs). Since 2007, this is being complemented by the TANAMI project, based on southern observations with the Australian LBA at 3.6 cm and 1.1 cm wavelengths. From our observation campaign, we find that most of the radio jets show linear morphologies at parsec-scales, but some of show curvature and non-radial motions. …
We describe our program to search for and study the kilo-parsec scale radio jets in a sample of high-redshift (greater than 3.4), flat spectrum quasars using new and archival VLA data. Two of these radio jets have been imaged with Chandra, and have X-ray counterparts and are briefly discussed. These high-redshift sources are important targets for testing current X-ray jet emission models for kpc-scale jets and follow-up multi-wavelength observations will shed light on this problem.
Black holes of stellar mass and neutron stars in binary systems are first detected as hard X-ray sources using high-energy space telescopes. Relativistic jets in some of these compact sources are found by means of multiwavelength observations with ground-based telescopes. The X-ray emission probes the inner accretion disk and immediate surroundings of the compact object, whereas the synchrotron emission from the jets is observed in the radio and infrared bands, and in the future could be detected at even shorter wavelengths. Black-hole X-ray binaries with relativistic jets mimic, on a much sma…
The Global mm-VLBI Array is at present the most sensitive 3 mm-VLBI interferometer and provides images of up to 40 micro-arcsecond resolution. Using this array, we have monitored the rotation of the innermost jet in the quasar NRAO 150, which shows an angular speed of ~ 7 deg./yr. Future 3 mm arrays could include additional stations like ALMA, GBT, LMT, CARMA, SRT, Yebes, Nobeyama and Noto, which would allow to push VLBI at this wavelength to sensitivity and image quality levels comparable to those of present VLBI at centimeter wavelengths. This would improve our knowledge of the accretion sys…
We investigate the relation between the X-ray nuclear emission, optical emission line, radio luminosity and black hole mass for a sample of nearby Seyfert galaxies. Strong linear correlations between the 2-10 keV and [OIII], radio luminosities have been found, showing the same slopes found in quasars and luminous Seyfert galaxies, thus implying independence from the level of nuclear activity displayed by the sources. Moreover, despite the wide range of Eddington ratios (L/L(Edd)) tested here (six orders of magnitude, from 0.1 down to 10^(-7), no correlation is found between the X-ray, optical …
Deep observations of the CDFS have been secured at 15um with AKARI/IRC infrared space telescope (ESA open time). From these observations, we define a sample of MIR-selected galaxies at 15um and we also obtain 15um flux densities for a sample of LBGs at z=1 already observed at 24um with Spitzer/MIPS. Number counts for the MIR-selected sample show a bump around a 15um flux density of 0.2mJy that can be attributed to galaxies at z>0.4 and at z>0.8 for the fainter part of the bump. This bump seems to be shifted as compared to other works and a possible origin can be the Cosmic variance. Thanks to …
We report strict upper limits to the radio luminosities of three neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries obtained with the Very Large Array while they were in hard X-ray states as observed with the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer: 1E 1724-307, 4U 1812-12, and SLX 1735-269. We compare these upper limits to the radio luminosities of several black hole binaries in very similar hard states, and find that the neutron star systems are as faint as or fainter than all of the black hole candidates. The differences in luminosities can partly be attributed to the lower masses of the neutron star systems, which …
We report the results of a 15 GHz (2 cm) multi-epoch VLBA program, begun in 1994 to study the outflow in radio jets ejected from quasars and active galaxies. The observed flow of 208 distinct features measured in 110 quasars, active galaxies, and BL Lac objects shows highly collimated relativistic motion with apparent transverse velocities typically between zero and about 15c, with a tail extending up to about 34c. Within individual jets, different features appear to move with a similar characteristic velocity which may represent an underlying continuous jet flow, but we also see some stationa…
In this note I present an outline of infrared (IR) photometric AGB properties, based on two samples of Galactic Long Period Variables (C- and S-type respectively). I show the various selection criteria used during the choice of the sources and describe the motivations of observing them at near- and mid-IR wavelengths. I discuss the problems encountered in estimating their luminosity and distance and motivate the methods I choose for this purpose. Properties of the luminosity functions and of the Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) diagrams obtained from the analysis are discussed. Finally, the choices ma…
We tabulate the luminosities of the soft-to-hard state transitions of all X-ray binaries for which there exist good X-ray flux measurements at the time of the transition, good distance estimates, and good mass estimates for the compact star. We show that the state transition luminosities are at about 1-4% of the Eddington rate, markedly smaller than those typically quoted in the literature, with a mean value of 2%. Only the black hole candidate GRO J~1655-40 and the neutron star systems Aql X-1 and 4U 1728-34 have measured state transition luminosities inconsistent with this value at the 1$σ$ …
Resolution of both approaching and receding ejecta in the galactic microquasars makes possible to measure the flux ratio S_a/S_r of the twin ejecta, which contains an important information about the nature of the jets. We show that the flux ratio observed from GRS 1915+105 during the prominent March/April 1994 radio flare can be explained in terms of relativistic motion of discrete radio clouds, if one assumes that the twin ejecta are similar, but not completely identical, i.e. allowing for some asymmetry between the plasmoids in their speeds of propagation and/or luminosities. The recoil mome…
Recently, Owen(1993) and Owen and Ledlow (1994) have shown that the dividing line between Fanaroff-Riley class~I and class~II Radio Sources is very sharp when the sources are represented as points in the radio-optical luminosity plane. It is shown that if one accepts the propositions that the sources in the vicinity of this dividing line are characterized by (1) transonic Mach numbers and (2) mildly relativistic velocities (consistent with deceleration of an initially moderately relativistic or ultrarelativistic jet), then the slope of the dividing line is readily obtained using simple physica…
Thanks to aggressive campaigns of multi-wavelength observations of X-ray binaries in outbursts over the last decade or so, we have now reached a reasonable understanding of their radio phenomenology in response to changes in the global X-ray properties. Here I shall subjectively review the latest progresses made in assessing the interplay between inflow and outflow from an observational point of view, as well as point out a number of open issues that still need to be addressed both theoretically and observationally.
We present HST observations of previously undetected optical jets in the low-luminosity radio galaxies B2 0755+37 and B2 1553+24. We show that there is accurate spatial coincidence between optical and radio emission, implying that the former is likely to be synchrotron radiation. The physical properties of the jets are similar to those known previously: their radio-optical spectral indices are ~0.7 and in B2 0755+37, the spectrum steepens between optical and X-ray wavelengths. Our results support the hypothesis that optical emission is detectable from jets orientated within ~20 degrees of the …
Six low-luminosity active galactic nuclei have been imaged at multiple frequencies from 1.7--43 GHz (2.3--15 GHz for three of the galaxies) using the Very Long Baseline Array. In spite of dynamic ranges of about 100 in several frequency bands, all six galaxies remain unresolved, with size limits at 8.4 GHz of 10^3--10^4 times the Schwarzschild radii of the black holes inferred at their galactic centers. The galaxy spectra are roughly flat from 1.7 to 43 GHz, rather than steepening to classical optically thin synchrotron spectra at high frequencies. Although the spectral slopes somewhat resembl…
Recent X-ray observations reveal an increasing number of X-ray sources in nearby galaxies exceeding luminosities of L_x > 2 10^39 erg/s. Assuming isotropic emission, the Eddington limit suggests a population of intermediate-mass black holes of M_bh >> 10 M_sun. However, Markoff, Falcke, & Fender (2001) proposed that jets may be contributing to the X-ray emission from X-ray binaries (XRBs), implying that some X-ray sources may be relativistically beamed. This could reduce the required black hole masses to standard values. To test this hypothesis, we investigate a simple X-ray population synthes…
We have discovered at x-ray and radio wavelengths large-scale moving jets from the microquasar XTE J1550-654. Plasma ejected from near the black hole traveled at relativistic velocities for at least four years. We present direct evidence for gradual deceleration in a relativistic jet. The broadband spectrum of the jets is consistent with synchrotron emission from high energy (up to 10 TeV) particles accelerated in shock waves formed within the relativistic ejecta or by the interaction of the jets with the interstellar medium. XTE J1550-654 offers a unique opportunity to study the dynamical evo…
This review focuses on the X-ray emission processes of extra-galactic jets on scales resolvable by the sub arcsec resolution of the Chandra X-ray Observatory. It is divided into 4 parts. The introductory chapter reviews the classical problems for jets, as well as those associated directly with the X-ray emission. Throughout this section, we deal with the dualisms of low powered radio sources versus high powered radio galaxies and quasars; synchrotron models versus inverse Compton models; and the distinction between the relativistic plasma responsible for the received radiation and the medium r…
Previously, a multi-wavelength (2cm, 4cm and 6cm) polarization study by Gabuzda, Murray and Cronin (2004) showed systematic Faraday Rotation gradients across the parsec-scale jets of several BL Lac objects, interpreted as evidence for helical magnetic (B) fields - the gradients were taken to be due to the systematic variation of the line-of-sight B field across the jet. We present here new results for the parsec-scale Faraday Rotation distributions for eight additional BL Lac objects, based on polarization data obtained with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) at two wavelengths near each of t…
The presence of optical synchrotron jets in radio galaxies is relatively rare. Here, we show that of the nearest five FR-I 3CR radio galaxies showing optical jets, {\it four} show evidence for almost circular, presumably face-on, dust disks. This is strong support for the two-fold idea that (\romannumeral1) jets emerge close to perpendicular to inner gas disks and (\romannumeral2) optical non-thermal synchrotron emission is seen only when the jet points towards the observer. The implied critical angle to the line-of-sight is approximately 30 - $40^{\circ}$, i.e. if the angle of the jet to the …
We derive expectations for signatures in the measured travel times of waves that interact with thermal anomalies and jets. A series of numerical experiments that involve the dynamic linear evolution of an acoustic wave field in a solar-like stratified spherical shell in the presence of fully 3D time-stationary perturbations are performed. The imprints of these interactions are observed as shifts in wave travel times, which are extracted from these data through methods of time-distance helioseismology \citep{duvall}. In situations where at least one of the spatial dimensions of the scatterer wa…
We have used the VLBA at 5 GHz to observe all galaxies with nuclear radio flux densities above 3.5 mJy found in a VLA survey at 15 GHz of a sample of nearby LINER galaxies. All galaxies were detected revealing high brightness temperature ($T_{b} \ga 10^8$ K) radio sources. Free-free emission is unlikely since it greatly overpredicts the soft X-ray luminosities. We infer the presence of AGN-like, non-thermal radio emission most likely powered by under-fed black holes. Together with our VLA sample we estimate from our observations that at least half of LINER galaxies host genuine AGN. We find no…
Microquasars (MQs) present emission over the whole spectrum, from radio wavelengths to gamma-rays. The microquasar spectral energy distribution is very complex, being a signature of the different physical processes that generate the radiation emitted by these objects. In this work, we estimate the amount of broad-band emission produced by relativistic protons, released from the jet of a MQ, interacting with high density regions of the ISM. We show that a two components source, the microquasar itself and the region of interaction between the jets and the ISM, could be unveiled by the new instru…
The MOJAVE sample is the first large radio-selected, VLBI-monitored AGN sample for which complete X-ray spectral information is being gathered. We report on the status of Swift survey observations which complement the available archival X-ray data at 0.3-10 keV and in the UV with its XRT and UVOT instruments. Many of these 133 radio-brightest AGN in the northern sky are now being observed for the first time at these energies. These and complementary other multi-wavelength observations provide a large statistical sample of radio-selected AGN whose spectral energy distributions are measured from…
We present high spatial resolution H and K'-band images of a complete sample of ultraluminous infrared galaxies selected to have warm mid-infrared colors known to be characteristic of active galaxies. The extended underlying galaxy is detected in each system, as are tidal features and many of the star-forming knots seen at optical wavelengths. While some of these knots have a considerable near-infrared excess, we show that they are likely to have bolometric luminosities more similar to that of the extended starbursts with similar optical morphology seen in less far-infrared luminous interactin…
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