Zhi-Gang Wang
In this article, we study the final-state rescattering effects in the decay $B^0 \to η_cK^*$, the numerical results indicate the corrections are comparable with the contribution from the naive factorizable amplitude, and the total amplitudes can accommodate the experimental data.
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We study the final state strong interactions of the $B\rightarrow DK$ decay processes, using the Regge model. We conclude that the final state interaction phases are very small, typically a few degrees. Neglecting final state interactions in obtaining the weak decay amplitudes is a good approximation.
The branching fraction of the psi(3770) decays into charmless final states is estimated in the S- and D-wave charmonia mixing scheme. With the information of the hadronic decays of J/psi and psi(3686), it is found that a large branching fraction, up to 13% of the total psi(3770) decays may go to charmless final states. The experimental search for these decays is also discussed.
Statements concerning Extended Unitarity (EU) are clarified
Two-body hadronic weak decays of Bc meson involving tensor meson in the final state are studied by using Isgur- Scora-Grinstein-Wise (ISGW II) model. Decay amplitudes are obtained using the factorization scheme in the Spectator Quark Model. Branching ratios for the charm changing and bottom changing decay modes are predicted.
The recent observation of the decay $\ob \to Λ_c^+ \bar p$ suggests that related decays may soon be visible at $e^+ e^-$ colliders. It is shown how these decays can shed light on strong final-state phases and amplitudes involving the spectator quark, both of which are normally expected to be small in B decays.
An attempt is made to identify circumstances under which the weak decays of $D$ and $B$ mesons may display large differences between eigenphases of strong final-state interactions. There are several cases in which rescattering from other final states appears to enhance decay rates with respect to estimates based on the factorization hypothesis.
Final-state rescattering effects on direct CP violation in charmless hadronic B decays and on the polarization anomaly in $B\toϕK^*$ are discussed.
Hadron resonances affect nonexotic $D^o$ decays but not $B$ decays which are far from the resonance region. We obtain new information from {\bf exclusive} decays and show that interference between colour favoured and colour suppressed diagrams is {\bf constructive} in $B$ and (some) $D$ decays in contrast to the inclusive decays where a net Pauli destructive interference is claimed. We suggest that a systematic study of $B$ decay final states containing excited mesons such as $a_1 D$ or $πD^{**}$ show opposite behaviour for $B^o$ and $B^+$ relative to the ground state channels. We give inequal…
Contrary to wide-spread opinion that the final state interaction (FSI) enhances the amplitude $<2π;I=0|K^0>$, we argue that FSI does not increase the absolute value of this amplitude.
The two-body nonleptonic charmed meson decays into two pseudoscalar mesons are studied using one-particle-exchange method. The effects of the final state interactions are analyzed through the strong phases extracted from the experimental data.
The role of inelastic final-state interactions in CP asymmetries and branching ratios is investigated in certain chosen single isospin two-body hadronic B decays. Treating final-state interactions through Pomeron and Regge exchanges, we demonstrate that inelastic final state interactions could lead to sizeable effects on the CP asymmetry.
We study the role played by the final-state interactions (fsi) in heavy quark decays using Pomeron and Regge exchanges to describe high energy scattering. At center of mass energy $\sqrt{s}\sim 5GeV $, Pomeron dominance does not apply. We study the behavior of the decay amplitudes as $\sqrt{s} $ is varied close to the B mass. We also investigate the behavior of the decay amplitude as $\sqrt{s}\to \infty $. Our conclusion is that the decay amplitudes approach a real value asymptotically.
Final-state rescattering effects on the hadronic B decays and their impact on direct and mixing-induced CP asymmetries are examined. Implications for some phenomenologies are briefly discussed.
The scattering amplitude of D Pi at the energy of the B mass can be calculated using Regge theory. Recent papers have used this to calculate the final state strong phases in the decays B to D Pi. It is argued that while the Regge amplitude can yield an absorption correction to the decay rate, it is not useful for determining the strong phase.
The availability of data on $B_s$ decays to strange quasi-two-body final states, either with or without charmonium opens new possibilities for understanding different contributions of weak diagrams and in particular the relative contributions of tree and penguin diagrams. Corresponding $B_d$ and $B_s$ decays to charge conjugate final states are equal in the SU(3) symmetry limit and the dominant SU(3) breaking mechanism is given by ratios of CKM matrix elements. Final State Interactions effects should be small, because strong interactions conserve $C$ and should tend to cancel in ratios between…
To understand the short-distance vs long-distance final-state interactions, we have performed a detailed amplitude analysis for the two-body decay, J/psi into vector and pseudoscalar mesons. The current data favor a large relative phase nearly 90 degrees between the three-gluon and one-photon decay amplitudes. The source of this phase is apparently in the long-distance final-state interaction. Nothing anomalous is found in the magnitudes of the three-gluon and one-photon amplitudes. We discuss implications of this large relative phase in the weak decay of heavy particles.
We analyze final state strong interaction effects in $B -> D ρ$ and $B -> D^{*}π$ decays using the Regge model. We find that, due to the smallness of the contributions from the non-leading Regge trajectories ($ρ$, $f$, $π$ etc.), final state interaction phases are small if the Pomeron coupling to the charm quark is suppressed in comparison to lighter quarks. Our conclusion is that for $B$ decays into states containing charm, final state interaction effects should play a minor role.
The final state interactions (FSI) in Delta S=-1, Delta C=\pm 1, decays of B-meson are discussed. The rescattering corrections are found to be of order of 15-20%. The strong interaction phase shifts are estimated and their effects on CP-asymmetry are discussed.
The polarization measurement in the inclusive B decay provides us with a simple test of how much the long-distance final-state interaction takes place as the energy of the observed meson varies in the final state. We give the expectation of the perturbative QCD for the energy dependence of the helicity fractions in a semiquantitative form. Experiment will tell us for which decay processes the perturbative calculation should be applicable.
I give a brief review of final state interactions (FSI) in heavy meson decays, paying particular attention to B-meson physics. Available theoretical methods for dealing with the effects of FSI are discussed.
The non-$D \bar D$ decays of the $\ppp = ψ(3770)$ resonance are reviewed and possibilities for further measurements are noted. These decays can shed light on S--D mixing, the ``missing'' $ψ' = ψ(3686)$ decays, a possible discrepancy between the total and $D \bar D$ cross sections at the $\ppp$, and rescattering effects contributing to enhanced $b \to s$ penguin amplitudes in $B$ meson decays.
We consider the semileptonic and nonleptonic $D_s$ decay modes to final states with $η$ and $η^\prime$. We use QCD sum rules to determine the $D_s \to η$ form factor $f_+^η$, and a generalized factorization ansatz to compute nonleptonic decays. We propose a parameterization of possible OZI suppressed contributions producing the $η^\prime$ in the final state, compatible with current data; such a scheme can be further constrained improving the precision of the measurement of the $D_s$ decay rates, as expected by the ongoing experiments.
We discuss the rescattering effects in decays $B\to π+K$. The picture we take is very simple: first, B decay into $K*ρ$, then $K*$ and $ρ$ go to kaon and pion by exchanging a pion. We find a up to ten percent CP violation asymmetry rate. We also discuss its correction to the constraint of angle $γ$ proposed recently.
The standard electroweak final-state interaction induces a false T-odd correlation in the top-quark semileptonic decay. The correlation parameter is calculated in the standard model and found to be considerably larger than those that could be produced by genuine T-violation effects in a large class of theoretical models.
The CLEO Collaboration has now observed the decays $B^+ \to ωπ^+$ and $B \to ωK^+$ with branching ratios of $(1.1^{+0.6}_{-0.5} \pm 0.2) \times 10^{-5}$ and $(1.5^{+0.7}_{-0.6} \pm 0.3) \times 10^{-5}$, respectively. These are the first reported decays to charmless final states involving a vector (V) and a pseudoscalar (P) meson. The implications of these decays for others of B mesons to charmless VP final states are explored. In a model-independent approach, using only flavor SU(3) symmetry, several tests are proposed for an anticipated hierarchy among different contributions to decay amplitu…
We study $D \to ππ$ decays with final state interactions considered in one-particle-exchange method. A clear physical picture for final state interactions based on quark and hadronic level diagrams is presented. A strong phase is introduced for hadronic effective couplings, which is crucial for explaining the experimental data of $D^+\to π^+π^0$, $D^0\to π^+π^-$, and $D^0\to π^0π^0$. Rescattering effects between different $D$ decay channels are usually large. They are important for obtaining correct branching ratios for $D\to ππ$ decays in theoretical calculation.
In view of important implications in the B decay, the 0-0- decay modes of J/psi are analyzed with broken flavor SU(3) symmetry in search for long-distance final-state interactions. If we impose one mild theoretical constraint on the electromagnetic form factors, we find that a large phase difference of final-state interactions is strongly favored between the one-photon and the gluon decay amplitudes. Measurement of the π+π- and K+K- cross sections off the J/psi peak in e+e- annihilation can settle the issue without recourse to theory.
We study the final state interaction effects in $B\to KK$ decays. We find that the $t$ channel one-particle-exchange diagrams cannot enhance the branching ratios of $\bar{B^0}\to K^0\bar{K^0}$ and $B^-\to K^0K^-$ very sizably. For the pure annihilation process $\bar{B^0}\to K^+K^-$, the obtained branching ratio by final state interaction is at ${\cal{O}}(10^{-8})$.
We study final-state interactions in nonleptonic weak decays in statistical models by averaging over ensembles of strong interaction S-matrices. The models range from one with completely random strong interactions, which gives extensive mixing between physical states, to models with feeble final-state interactions, characterized by small phase shifts.
We discuss the low-mass enhancement effect in the baryon-antibaryon invariant mass in three-body baryonic B decays using final state interactions in the framework of Regge theory. We show that the rescattering between baryonic pair can reproduce the observed mass spectrum.
A global previous analysis of two-body nonleptonic decays of $D$ mesons has been extended to the decays involving light scalar mesons. The allowance for final state interaction also in nonresonant channels provides a fit of much improved quality and with less symmetry breaking in the axial charges. We give predictions for about 50 decay branching ratios yet to be measured. We also discuss long distance contributions to the difference $ΔΓ$ between the $D_S$ and $D_L$ widths.
In this paper, we investigate phenomenologically two-body weak decays of the bottom mesons emitting pseudoscalar/vector meson and a tensor meson. Form factors are obtained using the improved ISGW II model. Consequently, branching ratios for the CKM-favored and CKM-suppressed decays are calculated.
The final state interactions of pions in decays $K^\pm\toπ^\pmπ^0π^0$ are considered using the methods of quantum mechanics. We show how to incorporate the electromagnetic effects in the amplitudes of these decays and to work out the relevant expressions valid above and below the two charged pions production threshold $M_c=2m$. The electromagnetic corrections are given as evaluated in a potential model.
The kaons decays to the pairs of charged and neutral pions are considered in the framework of the non-relativistic quantum mechanics. The general expressions for the decay amplitudes to the two different channels accounting for the strong interaction between pions are obtained. The developed approach allows one to estimate the contribution of terms of any order in strong interaction and correctly takes into account the electromagnetic interaction between the pions in the final state.
The effects of final state interactions (FSI) in hadronic B-decays are investigated. The model for FSI, based on Regge phenomenology of high-energy hadronic interactions is proposed. It is shown that this model explains the pattern of phases in matrix elements of $B\toππ$ and $B\toρρ$ decays. These phases play an important role for CP-violation in B-decays. The most precise determination of the unitarity triangle angle $α$ from $B_d\to ρπ$ decays is performed. The relation between CP-asymmetries in $B\to Kπ$ decays is discussed. It is emphasized that the large distance FSI can explain the stru…
From an estimate of the meson-meson inelastic scatterin at 5 GeV it is concluded that a typical strong phase in B decays to two mesons is of order of 20 degrees. For a particular final state an estimate of the phase depends on whether that state is more or less probable as a final state compared to those states to which it is connected by the strong interaction S matrix.
I discuss some recent results on the systematic behavior of final state rescattering which makes use of the limit of a heavy B meson. The results suggest that soft final state interactions do not disappear in the large $m_B$ limit. Soft and hard final state phases can both contribute to CP violating asymmetries in B decay. The way that the soft phases occur is interesting theoretically and suggests the violation of local quark-hadron duality.
We calculate the transverse muon polarization in the decay $K^{\pm}\toπ^0μ^{\pm}ν$ induced by the electromagnetic two-photon final-state interaction. For the central part of the Dalitz plot the typical value of this polarization is about $4\times 10^{-6}$.
We estimate final state interactions in the B-meson decays into two pions by the Regge model. We consider Pomeron exchange and the leading Regge trajectories that can relate intermediate particles to the final state. In some cases, most notably B => pi^0 pi^0 and B => pi^+ pi^-, the effect is relevant and produces a better agreement between theory and experiment.
The importance of measuring the non-$D \bar D$ decays of the $ψ'' = ψ(3770)$ resonance is discussed. These decays can shed light on a possible discrepancy between the total and $D \bar D$ cross sections at the $ψ''$, and on a proposed mechanism for enhancement of penguin amplitudes in $B$ meson decays through charm--anticharm annihilation. Measurements (including the $ψ''$ line shape) in states of definite G-parity and in inclusive charmless final states such as $η' + X$ are found to be particularly important.
I discuss the effect of final state interactions on the determination of the CKM angle γfrom B -> K + pi decays. Using a simple Regge-based model for rescattering processes, I argue that such effects could be substantial enough to make it problematic to obtain reliable limits on γin this way. Fortunately, an analysis of B -> K + K decays may provide model-independent bounds on rescattering contributions.
I present a critical account of the final-state interaction (FSI) in two-body B decays from viewpoint of the hadron picture. I emphasize that the phase and the magnitude of decay amplitude are related to each other by a dispersion relation. In a model phase of FSI motivated by experiment, I illustrate how much the magnitude of amplitude can deviate from its factorization value by the FSI.
The decays $\bar{B}\to \bar{K}D$ and $\bar{B}\to \bar{K}\bar{D}$ taking into account final state interactions are discussed. These decays are described by four strong phases $δ_0, δ_1, \tildeδ_0, \tildeδ_1$ (subscript 0 and 1 refer to I=0 and I=1 isospin final states), one weak phase $γ$ and four real amplitudes. Isospin constraints are taken into account. It is argued that strong interaction dynamics gives $δ_1\approx \tildeδ_1$. The four real amplitudes are estimated. Some observable consequences are discussed.
New data on the decays of the charmed particles $D^0$, $D^+$, and $D_s$ to $PV$ final states consisting of a light pseudoscalar meson $P$ and a light vector meson $V$ are analyzed. Following the same methods as in a previous analysis of $D \to PP$ decays, one can test flavor symmetry, extract key key amplitudes, and obtain information on relative strong phases. Analyses are performed for Cabibbo-favored decays and then extended to predict properties of singly- and doubly-Cabibbo-suppressed processes.
We study partial rate asymmetry in decays with single isospin final state. For K meson or hyperon decays, the partial rate asymmetries are always zero if the final states are single isospin states. In B decays the situation is dramatically different and partial rate asymmetries can be non-zero even if the final states are single isospin states. We calculated partial rate asymmetries for several B decays with single isospin amplitude in the final states using factorization approximation. We find that in some cases the asymmetries can be large.
We study exclusive $B_s$ decays to final states with $η$ and $η^\prime$, induced by the rare $b \to s \ell^+ \ell^-$ and $b \to s ν\bar ν$ transitions. Differential decay rates and total branching fractions are predicted in the Standard Model, adopting the flavour scheme for the description of the $η$-$η^\prime$ mixing. We discuss the theoretical uncertainty related to the hadronic matrix elements. We also consider these decay modes in a new Physics scenario with a single universal extra dimension, studying the dependence of branching ratios and decay distributions on the compactification scal…
We attempt to understand the final-state interaction in the two-body nonleptonic decay of a heavy particle for which many multibody decay channels are also open. No matter how many multibody channels couple to the two-body channels, the analyticity of the S-matrix relates the phase and the magnitude of the two-body decay amplitude through a dispersion relation. In general, however, the phase cannot be determined by strong interactions alone. The dispersion relation requires on a general ground that the final-state interaction phases be small for the two-body decay amplitudes when the initial p…
The decays \bar{B}-> \bar{K}D and \bar{B}-> \bar{K}\bar{D} taking into account final state interactions are discussed. These decays are described by four strong phases δ_0,δ_1,\barδ_0,\barδ_1 (subscripts 0 and 1 refers to I=0 and I=1 final states), one weak phase γand four real amplitudes. It is argued that strong interaction dynamics implies \barδ_1=0,δ_0=-δ_1. Rescattering has significant effects on weak amplitudes. Taking into account, rescattering, we find that direct CP--violating asymmetry in these decays may lie in the range \mp 0.023\sin γ\leq \QTR{cal}{A}_{1,2}\leq \mp 0.086\sin γ.
In this article, we study the final-state rescattering effects in the decays $B^0\to χ_{c0}K^{*0}$ and $B^+ \to χ_{c0}K^{*+}$, and observe the corrections are zero in the SU(3) limit, which is warranted by the heavy quark symmetry. It is difficult to accommodate the experimental data without fine-tuning.
We consider the weak decays of a B meson to final states that contain a S-wave radially excited vector meson. We consider vector-pseudoscalar final states and calculate ratios of the type $B \to ρ^{\prime} π/B \to ρπ$, $B \to ω^{\prime} π/B \to ωπ$ and $B \to ϕ^{\prime} π/B \to ϕπ$ where $ρ^{\prime}$, $ω^{\prime}$ and $ϕ^{\prime}$ are higher $ρ$, $ω$ and $ϕ$ S-wave radial excitations. We find such decays to have larger or similar branching ratios compared to decays where the final state $ρ$, $ω$ and $ϕ$ are in the ground state. We also study the effect of radial mixing in the vector system gen…
We study phenomenologically the invariant mass spectra of scalar dipion states produced in cascade decays of excited $Υ$ and $ψ$, and $J/ψ$ decays into light vector meson. Dipion production amplitude is given as a product of the Born term and an effective scalar form factor written in terms of a unitarized chiral theory. The model reproduces the experimental mass spectra very well.
A simple Regge pole model for $Kπ$ scattering explains the large $e^{i δ}$ between isospin amplitudes which is observed at the D meson mass ($δ\approx π/2$). It predicts $δ\approx 14^{\circ}- 20^{\circ}$ at the B mass. Implications for ($B \to K π$) decays and extensions of the model to other two-body decay channels are briefly discussed.
We study the effects of final state interactions on the eta(b) => J/psi J/psi decay. In particular, we discuss the effects of the annihilation of eta(b) into two charmed meson and their rescattering into J/psi J/psi. We find that the inclusion of this contribution may enhance the short-distance branching ratio up to about 2 orders of magnitude.
Using an effective Hamiltonian approach, we obtain expressions for hyperon beta decay final-state baryon polarization. Terms through second order in the energy release are retained. The resulting approximate expressions are much simpler and more compact than the exact expressions, and they agree closely with them.
We study the line shapes of radiative $ϕ$-decays involving virtual $f_{0}(980)$ and $a_{0}(980)$ mesons which decay, via derivative couplings, to $π^{0}π^{0}$ and $π^{0}η$ respectively. After developing the formalism for derivative interactions at one-loop level, we show that they can reproduce the measured peaked line shapes of $ϕ$-decays without including kaon loops.
The role of inelastic final state interactions in CP asymmetries is investigated in single isospin two-body hadronic decays of the B meson. We demonstrate that in a channel where the CP asymmetry vanishes in absence of inelastic final state interactions, a coupling to a second channel where the asymmetry is nonvanishing can result in an asymmetry in the first channel of the same order as in the second.
In this paper we present a feasibility study for measuring the combination of the Unitarity Triangle angle 2$β+γ$ with a time dependent Dalitz analysis in $B^0$ decays using $D^- K^0 π^+$ final states following the method proposed in [1]. For this study we build a model for this decay using the latest experimental information and we investigate the possibility of fitting together with 2$β+γ$ all the relevant strong amplitudes and phases of the decay model. [1] R. Aleksan, T.C. Petersen and A. Soffer, Phys. Rev. D67 (2003) 096002 [hep-ph/0209194].
Effects of final-state interactions in nonleptonic decays of charmed mesons are studied in the framework of quark-diagram approach. For the case of u-d-s flavour symmetry we discuss how the inelastic coupled-channel rescattering effects (and, in particular, resonance formation in the final state) modify the input quark-diagram weak amplitudes. It is shown that such inelastic effects lead to the appearance of nonzero relative phases between various quark diagrams, thus invalidating some of the conclusions drawn in the past within the diagrammatical approach. The case of SU(3) symmetry-breaking …
Charmless hadronic decays of B mesons to a vector meson (V) and a tensor meson (T) are analyzed in the frameworks of both flavor SU(3) symmetry and generalized factorization. We also make comments on B decays to two tensor mesons in the final states. Certain ways to test validity of the generalized factorization are proposed, using $B \to VT$ decays. We calculate the branching ratios and CP asymmetries using the full effective Hamiltonian including all the penguin operators and the form factors obtained in the non-relativistic quark model of Isgur, Scora, Grinstein and Wise.
We describe the $ππ$ $S$-wave in $D^+ \toπ^+ π^- π^+$ decays using a unitary model for the $ππ$ Final State Interactions (FSI). The three body decay is treated as a quasi two-body process where, at the weak vertex, the D meson decays into a resonance and a pion. The weak part of the decay amplitude is evaluated using the effective weak Hamiltonian within the factorization approximation.
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