Three basic properties that standard graded artinian $k$-algebras may or may not enjoy are the Weak and Strong Lefschetz Properties and the Maximal Rank Property (respectively WLP, SLP, and MRP).
In this paper we will assume that the base field $k$ has characteristic zero. It is known that SLP implies MRP, which in turn implies WLP, but that both implications are strict. However, it surprisingly turned out that the set of Hilbert functions admitting any algebras with WLP coincides with the corresponding set for SLP (and therefore with that for MRP). J. Migliore and the first author, using Green's theorem and a result of Wiebe, characterized the Hilbert functions forcing all algebras to enjoy WLP. The purpose of this note is to prove the corresponding characterizations for both SLP and MRP. Unsurprisingly (or surprisingly??), the two characterizations coincide, but they define a class of Hilbert functions strictly smaller than that determined for WLP.
Our methods include the Herzog-Popescu theorem on quotients of $k$-algebras modulo a general form, a result of Wiebe, and gins and stable ideals. At the end, we will also discuss the importance of assuming that the characteristic be zero, and we will exhibit a class of codimension 2 monomial complete intersections for which SLP (but not MRP) fails in positive characteristic.
We give an alternate proof for a theorem of Migliore and Nagel. In particular, we show that if $\mathcal H$ is an SI-sequence, then the collection of Betti diagrams for all Artinian Gorenstein $k$-algebras with the weak Lefschetz property and Hilbert function $\mathcal H$ has a unique largest element.
Schenck and Seceleanu proved that if $R = k[x,y,z]$, where $k$ is an infinite field, and $I$ is an ideal generated by any collection of powers of linear forms, then multiplication by a general linear form $L$ induces a homomorphism of maximal rank from any component of $R/I$ to the next. That is, $R/I$ has the {\em weak Lefschetz property}. Considering the more general {\em strong Lefschetz question} of when $\times L^j$ has maximal rank for $j \geq 2$, we give the first systematic study of this problem. We assume that the linear forms are general and that the powers are all the same, i.e. tha…
We study a number of conditions on the Hilbert function of a level artinian algebra which imply the Weak Lefschetz Property (WLP). Possibly the most important open case is whether a codimension 3 SI-sequence forces the WLP for level algebras. In other words, does every codimension 3 Gorenstein algebra have the WLP? We give some new partial answers to this old question: we prove an affirmative answer when the initial degree is 2, or when the Hilbert function is relatively small. Then we give a complete answer to the question of what is the largest socle degree forcing the WLP.
The Lefschetz question asks if multiplication by a power of a general linear form, $L$, on a graded algebra has maximal rank (in every degree). We consider a quotient by an ideal that is generated by powers of linear forms. Then the Lefschetz question is, for example, related to the problem whether a set of fat points imposes the expected number of conditions on a linear system of hypersurfaces of fixed degree. Our starting point is a result that relates Lefschetz properties in different rings. It suggests to use induction on the number of variables, $n$. If $n = 3$, then it is known that mult…
Let A = bigoplus_{i >= 0} A_i be a standard graded Artinian K-algebra, where char K = 0. Then A has the Weak Lefschetz property if there is an element ell of degree 1 such that the multiplication times ell : A_i --> A_{i+1} has maximal rank, for every i, and A has the Strong Lefschetz property if times ell^d : A_i --> A_{i+d} has maximal rank for every i and d. The main results obtained in this paper are the following. 1) EVERY height three complete intersection has the Weak Lefschetz property. (Our method, surprisingly, uses rank two vector bundles on P^2 and the Grauert-Mulich theorem.) 2) W…
An SI-sequence is a finite sequence of positive integers which is symmetric, unimodal and satisfies a certain growth condition. These are known to correspond precisely to the possible Hilbert functions of Artinian Gorenstein algebras with the Weak Lefschetz Property, a property shared by most Artinian Gorenstein algebras. Starting with an arbitrary SI-sequence, we construct a reduced, arithmetically Gorenstein configuration $G$ of linear varieties of arbitrary dimension whose Artinian reduction has the given SI-sequence as Hilbert function and has the Weak Lefschetz Property. Furthermore, we s…
We study the weak Lefschetz property and the Hilbert function of level Artinian monomial almost complete intersections in three variables. Several such families are shown to have the weak Lefschetz property if the characteristic of the base field is zero or greater than the maximal degree of any minimal generator of the ideal. Two of the families have an interesting relation to tilings of hexagons by lozenges. This lends further evidence to a conjecture by Migliore, Miro-Roig, and the second author. Finally, using our results about the weak Lefschetz property, we show that the Hilbert function…
We study the weak Lefschetz property of artinian Gorenstein algebras and in particular of artinian complete intersections. In codimension four and higher, it is an open problem whether all complete intersections have the weak Lefschetz property. For a given artinian Gorenstein algebra $A$ we ask what linear forms are Lefschetz elements for this particular algebra, i.e., which linear forms $\ell$ give maximal rank for all the multiplication maps $\times \ell: [A]_i \longrightarrow [A]_{i+1}$. This is a Zariski open set and its complement is the \emph{non-Lefschetz locus}. For monomial complete …
The aim is to study Perazzo hypersurfaces $X=V(F)\subseteq\mathbb{P}(K^5)$, defined by $F(x_0,x_1,x_2,u,v) = p_0(u,v)x_0+p_1(u,v)x_1+p_2(u,v)x_2+g(u,v)$, where $p_0,p_1,p_2$ are algebraically dependent, but linearly independent forms of degree $d-1$ in $u,v$, and $g$ is a form in $u,v$ of degree $d$. These hypersurfaces are the "building blocks" for all possible hypersuface in $\mathbb{P}^4$ with vanishing Hessian. A minimal and a maximal Hilbert vector is found for the associated Artinian Gorenstein $K$-algebras $A_F$: in the minimal case they satisfy the Weak Lefschetz property, but in the m…
We deal with Perazzo 3-folds in $\mathbb P^4$, i.e. hypersurfaces $X=V(f)\subset \mathbb P^4$ of degree $d$ defined by a homogeneous polynomial $f(x_0,x_1,x_2,u,v)=p_0(u,v)x_0+p_1(u,v)x_1+p_2(u,v)x_2+g(u,v)$, where $p_0,p_1,p_2$ are algebraically dependent but linearly independent forms of degree $d-1$ in $u,v$, and $g$ is a form in $u,v$ of degree $d$. Perazzo 3-folds have vanishing hessian and, hence, the associated graded artinian Gorenstein algebra $A_f$ fails the strong Lefschetz property. In this paper, we determine the maximum and minimum Hilbert function of $A_f$ and we prove that if $…
An artinian graded algebra, $A$, is said to have the Weak Lefschetz property (WLP) if multiplication by a general linear form has maximal rank in every degree. A vast quantity of work has been done studying and applying this property, touching on numerous and diverse areas of algebraic geometry, commutative algebra, and combinatorics. Amazingly, though, much of this work has a "common ancestor" in a theorem originally due to Stanley, although subsequently reproved by others. In this expository paper we describe the different directions in which research has moved starting with this theorem, an…
The Jordan type of an element $\ell$ of the maximal ideal of an Artinian k-algebra A acting on an A-module M of k-dimension n, is the partition of n given by the Jordan block decomposition of the multiplication map $m_\ell$ on M. In general the Jordan type has more information than whether the pair $(\ell,M)$ is strong or weak Lefschetz. We develop basic properties of the Jordan type and their loci for modules over graded or local Artinian algebras. We as well study the relation of generic Jordan type of $A$ to the Hilbert function of $A$. We introduce and study a finer invariant, the Jordan d…
