After a brief introduction into the general importance of polarization observables for the analysis of a reaction, the basic density matrix formalism for the description of polarization phenomena is outlined and illustrated by explicit examples for spin one-half and one. Then various electromagnetic processes like photoreactions and electron scattering are discussed in some detail. Finally, the question of how to determine a complete set of polarization observables providing the maximum information on a reaction is considered.
We briefly review the theory for electromagnetic reactions in light nuclei based on the coupled-cluster formulation of the Lorentz integral transform method. Results on photodisintegration reactions of 22O and 40Ca are reported on and preliminary calculations on the Coulomb sum rule for 4He are discussed.
The reaction $p n \to d ϕ$ is studied within a covariant boson exchange model. The behavior of polarization observables being accessible in forthcoming experiments near threshold is predicted.
I summarize three recent calculations of electromagnetic reactions on deuterium in chiral perturbation theory. All of these calculations were carried out to O(Q^4), i.e. next-to-next-to-leading order. The reactions discussed here are: elastic electron-deuteron scattering, Compton scattering on deuterium, and the photoproduction of neutral pions from deuterium at threshold.
Isotopical dependence of spin-orbit splitting discovered by us in spectra of heavy nuclei close to doubly magic ones is checked in polarization effects arising in charge exchange (p,n) reaction between the A=48 isobarical states.
The attempts to investigate correlations in electromagnetically induced one- and two-nucleon knockout are reviewed. The theoretical framework for cross section calculations is outlined and some results are presented for the exclusive $^{16}$O($e,e'p)^{15}$N and $^{16}$O($e,e'pp)^{14}$C reactions. For the ($e,e'p$) reaction attention is focussed on extracting the spectroscopic factors. For the ($e,e'pp$) reaction the possibility of obtaining direct and clear information on short-range correlations is discussed.
Polarization observables for the reaction $\bar p+p\to e^++e^-$ are given in terms of three independent complex amplitudes, in presence of two photon exchange. General expressions for the differential cross section and the polarization observables are given and model independent properties are derived. Polarization effects depending on the polarization of the antiproton beam, the target and of the electron in the final state, have been calculated.
We present an update on recent theoretical studies of electromagnetic reactions obtained by using the Lorentz integral transform method. The 4He nucleus will be the main focus of this report: results for the photo-disintegration and the electro-disintegration processes will be shown, as well as a recent calculation of polarizability effects in muonic atoms. We also discuss the exciting possibility to investigate inelastic reactions for medium-mass nuclei in coupled-cluster theory, highlighted by the recent application to the 16O photo-nuclear cross section.
Cross-section, vector-polarization, and tensor-polarization distributions are calculated for the reactions $e^+ e^- \rightarrow \bar{p}p$ and $e^+ e^- \rightarrow \barΛ Λ$. Each reaction requires six characteristic functions that are bilinear in the, possibly complex, electromagnetic form factors, denoted $G_E(P^2)$ and $G_M(P^2)$, of $p$ and $Λ$. For the hyperon reaction also the joint-decay distributions of $Λ$ and $\barΛ$ are calculated. Their knowledge allow a complete determination of the hyperon electromagnetic form factors, without measuring hyperon spins. We explain how this is done in…
The ability of the coupled-channels model (MSL) developed in recently in Ref. \cite{msl} to account simultaneously for the $πN$ scattering data and the $π$ photoproduction reactions on the nucleon is presented. An accurate description of $πN$ scattering has been obtained. A preliminary description of $π$ photoproduction is also discussed.
We study the reaction $NN \to NN Φ$ slightly above the threshold within an extended one-boson exchange model which also accounts for $uud$ knock-out. It is shown that polarization observables, like the beam-target asymmetry, are sensible quantities for identifying a $s \bar s$ admixture in the nucleon wave function on the few per cent level.
We review recent results for electromagnetic reactions and related sum rules in light and medium-mass nuclei obtained from coupled-cluster theory. In particular, we highlight our recent computations of the photodisintegration cross section of 40Ca and of the electric dipole polarizability for oxygen and calcium isotopes. We also provide new results for the Coulomb sum rule for 4He and 16O. For 4He we perform a thorough comparison of coupled-cluster theory with exact hyperspherical harmonics.
We calculate the Lambda polarization in an exact analytical, rotating model based on parameters extracted from a high resolution (3+1)D Particle-in-Cell Relativistic hydrodynamics calculation. The polarization is attributed to effects from thermal vorticity and for the first time the effects of the radial and axial acceleration are also studied separately
Nucleon recoil polarization in electromagnetic reactions with two-nucleon emission is discussed for both (${\vec e},e'{\vec N}N$) and (${\vec γ},{\vec N}N$). Numerical results are given for exclusive two-nucleon knockout reactions from $^{16}$O in a theoretical model where final-state interactions, one-body and two-body currents, and the effect of correlations in the initial pair wave function are included.
Nucleon recoil polarization observables in $(e,e'\vec{p})$ reactions are investigated using a semi-relativistic distorted-wave model which includes one- and two-body currents with relativistic corrections. Results for the induced polarization asymmetry are shown for closed-shell nuclei and a comparison with available experimental data for $^{12}$C is provided. A careful analysis of meson exchange currents shows that they may affect significantly the induced polarization for high missing momentum.
In high neutron flux environments where isomers can be strongly populated by nucleonic reactions, isotope abundances from reaction network chains can be affected by the population of nuclear isomers. At high temperatures and densities there is the additional possibility of populating these isomers electromagnetically. Here we examine the rates for electromagnetic excitation of the isotopes of several isomers of interest both in astrophysics and applied physics (e.g. 235U, 193Ir, and 87Y,88Y). We consider six possible electromagnetic processes, namely, photo-absorption, inverse internal convers…
The general formalism of nucleon recoil polarization in the (${\vec e},e'{\vec N}N$) reaction is given. Numerical predictions are presented for the components of the outgoing proton polarization and of the polarization transfer coefficient in the specific case of the exclusive $^{16}$O(${\vec e},e'{\vec p}p$)$^{14}$C knockout reaction leading to discrete states in the residual nucleus. Reaction calculations are performed in a direct knockout framework where final-state interactions and one-body and two-body currents are included. The two-nucleon overlap integrals are obtained from a calculatio…
A general formalism is developed to calculate the cross section and the polarization observables for the reaction $\bar N+N\to π+\ell^++\ell^-$. The matrix element and the observables are expressed in terms of six scalar amplitudes (complex functions of three kinematical variables) which determine the reaction dynamics. The numerical predictions are given in frame of a particular model in the kinematical range accessible in the PANDA experiment at FAIR.
Incoherent pion photoproduction on the deuteron in the $Δ$(1232)-resonance region is investigated with special emphasis on polarization observables. For the elementary pion photoproduction operator an effective Lagrangian model which includes the standard pseudovector Born terms and a resonance contribution from the $Δ$(1232)-excitation is used. Our results for the elementary $γN\toπN$ reaction are in good agreement with recent experimental data and results of other theoretical calculations. A general analysis of all possible polarization observables for the $γd \toπNN$ reaction with polarized…
Recent advances in the description of electromagnetic two-nucleon knockout reactions are reviewed. The sensitivity to different types of correlations and to their treatment in the nuclear wave functions, the effects of final-state interactions and the role of center-of-mass effects in connection with the problem of the lack of orthogonality between initial bound states and final scattering states obtained by the use of an energy-dependent optical-model potential are discussed. Results are presented for proton-proton and proton-neutron knockout off 16O also in comparison with the available data…
A study of the total cross section for polarized proton knockout in $(e,e'{\vec p})$ reactions is carried out for the closed-shell nucleus $^{40}$Ca. The dependence of FSI effects on polarization observables viewed as functions of the nucleon polarization angles is analyzed and interpreted within the basis of a semi-classical model for the orbit of the struck nucleon and trajectory of the ejected nucleon. A comparison with the case of a $^{39}$K polarized target and unpolarized protons is performed.
Various electromagnetic few-body break-up reactions into the many-body continuum are calculated microscopically with the Lorentz integral transform (LIT) method. For three- and four-body nuclei the nuclear Hamiltonian includes two- and three- nucleon forces, while semirealistic interactions are used in case of six- and seven-body systems. Comparisons with experimental data are discussed. In addition various interesting aspects of the $^4$He photodisintegration are studied: investigation of a tetrahedrical symmetry of $^4$He and a test of non-local nuclear force models via the induced two-body …
We summarize our recent work dealing with the construction of the nucleon-nucleon potential and associated electromagnetic currents up to one loop in chiral effective field theory ($χ$EFT). The magnetic dipole operators derived from these currents are then used in hybrid calculations of static properties and low-energy radiative capture processes in few-body nuclei. A preliminary set of results are presented for the magnetic moments of the deuteron and trinucleons and thermal neutron captures on $p$, $d$, and $^3$He.
The contribution of the $Δ$(1232) isobar to the electromagnetic current of the two-nucleon system and its role in ($γ$,NN) processes is investigated. The difference between the genuine $Δ$-excitation current and that part of the current connected to the deexcitation of a preformed $Δ$ in the target nucleus is stressed. The latter cannot lead to a resonant behaviour of matrix elements for energies in the $Δ$ region. The reaction $^{16}O(γ,pp)^{14}C$, where the $Δ$ contribution is dominant at intermediate energies, is considered. The large variations found in the cross sections for different tre…
The formalism of (${\vec γ},{\vec N}N$) reactions is given where the incident photon is polarized and the outgoing nucleon polarization is detected. Sixteen structure functions and fifteen polarization observables are found in the general case, while only eight structure functions and seven polarizations observables survive in coplanar kinematics. Numerical examples are presented for the $^{16}$O($γ,pn$) and $^{16}$O($γ,pp$) reactions. The transitions to the ground state of $^{14}$C and $^{14}$N are calculated in a model where realistic short-range and tensor correlations are taken into accoun…
Polarization observables of the three charge states of the pion for the $γd\toπNN$ reaction with polarized photon beam and/or oriented deuteron target are evaluated over the whole $Δ$(1232)-resonance region adopting a nonrelativistic model based on time-ordered perturbation theory. Results for the $π$-meson spectra, linear photon asymmetry, vector and tensor target asymmetries are presented. Particular attention is given, for the first time, to double polarization asymmetries for which we present results for $T_{20}^{\ell}$ and $T_{2\pm 2}^{\ell}$. We found that all other double polarization a…
Polarization properties of strange baryons produced in pp reactions, p + p -> p + Lambda^0 + K^+ and p + p -> p + Sigma^0 + K^$, near thresholds of the final states (p Lambda^0 K^+) and (p Sigma^0 K^+) are analysed relative to polarizations of colliding protons. The cross sections for pp reactions are calculated within the effective Lagrangian approach accounting for strong pp rescattering in the initial state of colliding protons with a dominant contribution of the one-pion exchange and strong final-state interaction of daughter hadrons (Eur. Phys. J. A 9, 425 (2000)).
Polarization observables of the A(d,d')X reactions have been calculated according to the received coeffcients of the analytical form for deuteron wave function in coordinate space for the nucleon-nucleon Nijmegen group potentials (NijmI, NijmII, Nijm93). The obtained values of tensor Ayy and vector Ay analyzing powers have been compared with the published experimental data at t- scaling for the inelastic scattering of deuterons on hydrogen, carbon and beryllium. Theoretical values of tensor-tensor Kyy and vector-vector Ky polarization transfers have been also evaluated in the plane-wave impuls…
The formal expression for the most general polarization observable in elastic electromagnetic lepton hadron scattering at low energies is derived for the nonrelativistic regime. For the explicit evaluation the influence of Coulomb distortion on various polarization observables is calculated in a distorted wave Born approximation. Besides the hyperfine interaction also the spin-orbit interactions of lepton and hadron are included. For like charges the Coulomb repulsion reduces strongly the size of polarization observables compared to the plane wave Born approximation whereas for opposite charge…
The present status of the theoretical description of electromagnetic reactions on the deuteron above pion threshold is reviewed. Three major topics are considered: (i) retardation effects in $π$-meson exchange contributions to $NN$-interaction and meson exchange currents in deuteron photodisintegration above $π$-threshold in the $Δ$-resonance region, (ii) off-shell effects in the one-body current treated in a simple pion cloud model in deuteron photodisintegration in and above the $Δ$-resonance region, and (iii) final state interaction effects in photoproduction of $π$ and $η$ mesons on the de…
A general analytical expression has been obtained in the diffraction approximation for the polarization of nucleons arising in the deuteron stripping reaction on nuclei at intermediate energies of the incident particles. A tabulated density distribution of the target nucleus and a realistic wave function of the deuteron with correct asymptotic limits at large internucleon distances were used in the calculations. The nucleon-nucleus phase shifts were calculated in the Glauber formalism using the double folding potential. The calculated angular dependencies for the vector analyzing power $A_{y}$…
The role of center-of mass (CM) effects in the one-body nuclear current in the description of electromagnetically induced two-nucleon knockout reactions is discussed in connection with the problem of the lack of orthogonality between initial bound states and final scattering states obtained by the use of an energy-dependent optical model potential. Results for the cross sections of the exclusive $^{16}$O(e,e$'$pp)$^{14}$C and $^{16}$O($γ$,pp)$^{14}$C knockout reactions in different kinematics are presented and discussed. In super-parallel kinematics CM effects produce a strong enhancement of t…
Relativistic calculations of the induced proton polarization in quasifree electron scattering on $^{12}C$ are presented. Good agreement with the experimental data of Woo et al. is obtained. The relativistic calculations yield a somewhat better description of the data than the non-relativistic ones. Differences between the two approaches are more pronounced at larger missing momenta suggesting further experimental work in this region.
I describe the use of chiral effective theory (ChiET) to compute electromagnetic reactions in two- and three-nucleon systems. I first explain how chiral perturbation theory can be extended to the few-nucleon sector. I then explain the predictions of the resulting ChiET for electron-deuteron scattering, and how they will be tested by forthcoming data from BLAST. I conclude by displaying predictions for elastic Compton scattering from deuterium and Helium-3 nuclei. These computations, in concert with future data from MAX-Lab and HIGS, should give significant new information on neutron polarizabi…
A dynamics of low-energy nuclear forces is investigated for low-energy electromagnetic and weak nuclear reactions with the deuteron in the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model of light nuclei by example of the neutron-proton radiative capture (M1-capture) n + p -> D + photon, the photomagnetic disintegration of the deuteron photon + D -> n + p and weak reactions of astrophysical interest. These are the solar proton burning p + p -> D + positron + nu_e, the pep-process p + electron + p -> D + nu_e and the neutrino and anti-neutrino disintegration of the deuteron caused by charged nu_e + D -> electron + p +…
The treatment of the $Δ$-current and its contribution in the exclusive $^{16}$O$(e,e'pp)^{14}$C and $^{16}$O$(γ,pp)^{14}$C knockout reactions are investigated in combination with the effects of correlations. Different parametrizations of the effective $Δ$-current and different treatments of correlations in the two-nucleon overlap function are considered. The results are presented and discussed for a suitable choice of kinematics. It is found that the investigation of different mutually supplementing kinematics is necessary to resolve the uncertainties in the theoretical ingredients and extract…
First calculations for spin-dependent observables of the reactions $pp \to ppπ^0$, $pp \to pnπ^+$ and $pp \to dπ^+$ near threshold are presented, employing the Jülich model for pion production. The influence of resonant (via the excitation of the $Δ(1232)$) and non-resonant p-wave pion production mechanisms on these observables is examined. For the reactions $pp \to pnπ^+$ and $pp \to dπ^+$ nice agreement of our predictions with the presently available data on spin correlation coefficents is observed whereas for $pp \to ppπ^0$ the description of the data is less satisfying.
Offshell contributions to the electromagnetic nuclear current are evaluated within a nonrelativistic approach by incorporation one-pion loop contributions in time-ordered perturbation theory. By construction, the correct experimental onshell properties of the nucleon current are ensured so that only the genuine offshell effects appear as model dependent. For a qualitative assessment of such offshell effects, this model is applied to photodisintegration of the deuteron for photon energies up to 500 MeV. While at low energies offshell contributions are small, above 300 MeV they lead to sizeable …
A microscopic model for three-cluster configurations in light nuclei is presented. It uses an expansion in terms of Faddeev components for which the dynamic eqations are derived. The model is designed to investigate binary channel processes in a compound system. Gaussian and oscillator bases are used to expand the wave function and to represent appropriate boundary conditions. We study the effect of cluster polarization on ground and resonance states of 7Be, and on the astrophysical S-factor of the reaction 6Li(p,3He)4He.
We extend our approach to incorporate the proton-proton (pp) Coulomb force into the three-nucleon (3N) momentum-space Faddeev calculations of elastic proton-deuteron (pd) scattering and breakup to the case when also a three-nucleon force (3NF) is acting. In addition we formulate that approach in the application to electron- and gamma-induced reactions on 3He. The main new ingredient is a 3-dimensional screened pp Coulomb t-matrix obtained by a numerical solution of a 3-dimensional Lippmann-Schwinger equation (LSE). The resulting equations have the same structure as the Faddeev equations which …
The polarization transfer coefficient $K_y^{y'}$ for the $^2$H$(\vec{d}, \vec{p})^3$H reaction at energies $E_{\rm lab.} = 30$, 50, 70, and 90keV is calculated using the four-body Faddeev-Yakubovsky equation. We employ a separable type of the Paris potential. The experimental data [Phys. Rev. {\bf C64}, 047601 (2001)] agrees with our solution at the scattering angle $θ_{\rm c.m.}=0^\circ$, and there is no discrepancy pointed out in that paper. We found that the $K_y^{y'}$ is sensitive to the incident deuteron energy at this angle.
The induced polarization, $P^\prime_y$, of the neutron in the deuteron photo-disintegration from threshold up to 30 MeV is calculated using a variety of different, latest-generation potentials--Argonne $v_{18}$, Bonn 2000, and Nijmegen I-- and a realistic model for the nuclear electromagnetic current operator, including one- and two-body terms. The model dependence of the theoretical predictions is found to be very small. These predictions are systematically larger in magnitude than the measured $P^\prime_y$ values, and corroborate the conclusions of an earlier, and much older, study. There is…
Photo- and electroproduction processes of K+ on the deuteron are investigated theoretically. Modern hyperon-nucleon forces as well as an updated kaon production operator on the nucleon are used. Sizable effects of the hyperon-nucleon final state interaction are seen in various observables. Especially the photoproduction double polarization observable C_z is shown to provide a handle to distinguish different hyperon-nucleon force models.
Spin-polarization response functions are examined for high-energy $(\vec{e},e'\vec{p})$ reaction by computing the full 18 response functions for the proton kinetic energy $T_{p'}=$ 0.515 GeV and 3.179 GeV with an 16O target. The Dirac eikonal formalism is applied to account for the final-state interactions. The formalism is found to yield the response functions in good agreement with those calculated by the partial-wave expansion method at 0.515 GeV. We identify the response functions that depend on the spin-orbital potential in the final-state interactions, but not on the central potential. D…
Electromagnetic reactions on light nuclei are fundamental to advance our understanding of nuclear structure and dynamics. The perturbative nature of the electromagnetic probes allows to clearly connect measured cross sections with the calculated structure properties of nuclear targets. We present an overview on recent theoretical ab-initio calculations of electron-scattering and photonuclear reactions involving light nuclei. We encompass both the conventional approach and the novel theoretical framework provided by chiral effective field theories. Because both strong and electromagnetic intera…
Following recent studies of non-relativistic reductions of the single-nucleon electromagnetic current operator, here we extend the treatment to include meson exchange current operators. We focus on one-particle emission electronuclear reactions. In contrast to the traditional scheme where approximations are made for the transferred momentum, transferred energy and momenta of the initial-state struck nucleons, we treat the problem exactly for the transferred energy and momentum, thus obtaining new current operators which retain important aspects of relativity not taken into account in the tradi…
We perform a global analysis of the experimental data of the electromagnetic nucleon form factors, in space-like and time-like regions. We give the expressions of the observables in annihilation processes, such as $p+\bar{p}\to \ell^+ +\ell^- $, $\ell=e$ or $μ$, in terms of form factors. We discuss some of the phenomenological models proposed in the literature for the space-like region, and consider their analytical continuation to the time-like region. After determining the parameters through a fit on the available data, we give predictions for the observables which will be experimentally acc…
We study the combined effects of vacuum polarization, relativity, Bremsstrahlung, and atomic polarization in nuclear reactions of astrophysical interest. It is shown that these effects do not solve the longstanding differences between the experimental data of astrophysical nuclear reactions at very low energies and the theoretical calculations which aim to include electron screening.
By applying a unitary transformation method, we have derived the leading-order corrections on the effective Hamiltonian of a dynamical model developed in Phys. Rev. C54, 2660 (1996) for electromagnetic pion production reactions. The resulting energy-independent one-loop corrections on the baryon masses and the gamma N -> Delta vertex interaction are associated with the structure of the nucleon and Delta and have been calculated within a constituent quark model. We find that the one-loop corrections on the magnetic M1 transition of the gamma N -> Delta are very small, while their contributions …
Nucleon transfer reactions in low-energy deuteron-deuteron scattering are described by solving exact four-particle equations in momentum space. The Coulomb interaction between the protons is included using the screening and renormalization method. Various realistic potentials are used between nucleon pairs. The energy dependence of the differential cross section, analyzing powers, polarizations, spin-transfer coefficient, and the quintet suppression factor is studied.
The EM field pattern created by spectators in relativistic heavy-ion collisions plants a seed of positive (negative) magnetic helicity in the hemisphere above (below) the reaction plane. Owing to the chiral anomaly, the magnetic helicity interacts with the fermionic helicity of the collision system, and causes photons emitted in upper- and lower-hemispheres to have different preferences in the circular polarization. In this paper, we lay down a procedure to measure the variation of the circular polarization w.r.t the reaction plane in relativistic heavy-ion collisions for massless photons, as …
We briefly review our works on ultraperipheral heavy ion collisions. We discuss both $γγ$ and rescattering of hadronic photon fluctuation induced by one nucleus in the collision partner. Production of one and two leptonic and pionic and $p \bar p$ pairs is discussed as an example of photon-photon processes. The production of single vector mesons ($ρ^0$ or $J/ψ$) is an example of the second category. The double-scattering mechanisms of two $ρ^0$ meson production is discussed in addition.
The general formalism describing $\vec{A}(\vec{e},e'\vec{p})B$ reactions, involving polarization of the electron beam, target and ejected proton, is presented within the framework of the relativistic plane wave impulse approximation for medium and heavy nuclei. It is shown that the simultaneous measurement of the target and ejected proton polarization can provide new information which is not contained in the separate analysis of the $\vec{A}(\vec{e},e'p)B$ and $A(\vec{e},e'\vec{p})B$ reactions. The polarization transfer mechanism in which the electron interacts with the initial nucleon carryin…
We study the electromagnetic form factors and tensor polarization observables of the deuteron in the framework of the hard-wall AdS/QCD model. We find a profile function for the bulk twist $τ=6$ vector field, which describes the deuteron on the boundary and fix the infrared boundary cut-off of AdS space in accordance with the ground state mass of the deuteron. We obtain the deuteron charge monopole, quadrupole, and magnetic dipole form factors and tensor polarization observables from the bulk Lagrangians for the deuteron and photon field interactions. We plot the momentum transfer dependence o…
In this paper, we study the polarization of the $Λ(1405)$ in the $γp \rightarrow K^+ πΣ$ reaction within an effective Lagrangian approach and isobar model. In our model, the $Λ(1405)$ is excited through the t-channel $K/K^*$ exchanges and u-channel hyperon exchange. Compared to previous studies, we also include the contribution from a contact term, which is necessary for our model to interpret the polarization of the $Λ(1405)$. In addition, we also discuss the possibility to verify the proposed two-pole structure of the $Λ(1405)$ using the polarization data. We find that the polarization of th…
The dependence of the nucleon polarization in the reaction $e^+ + e^- \to N + \bar{N} +π^0 $ over different invariant variables in frame of the non-resonant mechanism, has been derived. The nucleon polarization is expressed in terms of six invariant complex amplitudes, assuming the conservation of the hadron electromagnetic currents and the P-invariance of the hadron electromagnetic interaction. An inclusive experimental setup when the proton (or the antiproton) and the pion are detected in coincidence is considered. Numerical estimations were performed for the so called normal polarization in…
The electromagnetic effects of the finite size of the nucleon are implemented self-consistently on top of the Skyrme Hartree-Fock calculation, where the electric form factors of both protons and neutrons are considered. Furthermore, the vacuum polarization and the electromagnetic spin-orbit interaction are taken into account. The self-consistent finite-size effects give a different Coulomb potential from the conventional one and affect the neutrons as well. The contribution of the finite-size effects to the total energy reaches $ 7 \, \mathrm{MeV} $ in $ {}^{208} \mathrm{Pb} $. The vacuum pola…
