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从宇宙学模拟看球状星团系统的起源

The origin of globular cluster systems from cosmological simulations

K. Bekki, H. Yahagi, M. Nagashima, D. A. Forbes

摘要:

基于高分辨率宇宙学N体模拟,结合星系和球状星团(GC)形成的半解析模型,采用自洽的方法研究了不同哈勃类型星系中球状星团系统(GCSs)的结构、运动学和化学性质.我们集中研究了位于暗物质晕中心的大约10^5个模拟星系(即我们不考虑次晕中的卫星星系)的GCSs和它们的宿主星系的物理性质之间的相关性。我们的主要结果如下,这些结果可以用观测来检验。大多数(约90%)目前在晕中的GC是在红移大于3的低质量星系中形成的,贫金属GC(MPC)和富金属GC(MRC)的平均形成红移分别为z = 5.7(12.7 Gyrs ago)和4.3(12.3 Gyrs ago)。大约52%的星系在其金属丰度分布函数中表现出明显的双峰性,而亮度小于-17的M_B的星系由于几乎没有或没有金属丰度而不太可能表现出双峰性。MRC的数量分数并不依赖于哈勃类型,但通常是较小的亮度较低的星系。椭圆星系中GCSs的比频(SN)(SN ~ 4.0)通常高于螺旋星系(SN ~ 1.8),而位于星系团中心的星系又高于螺旋星系(SN ~ 5.0)。每单位晕质量的GC总数与宿主星系的M_B或哈勃类型没有很强的依赖关系。MPC和MRC的平均金属丰度依赖于M_B,在较亮的星系中,它们的平均金属丰度较高,但MPC的依赖性较弱。

英文摘要:

We investigate the structural, kinematical, and chemical properties of globular cluster systems (GCSs) in galaxies of different Hubble types in a self-consistent manner based on high-resolution cosmological N-body simulations combined with semi-analytic models of galaxy and globular cluster (GC) formation. We focus on correlations between the physical properties of GCSs and those of their host galaxies for about 10^5 simulated galaxies located at the centres of dark matter halos (i.e. we do not consider satellite galaxies in sub-halos). Our principal results, which can be tested against observations, are as follows. The majority (about 90%) of GCs currently in halos are formed in low-mass galaxies at redshifts greater than 3 with mean formation redshifts of z = 5.7 (12.7 Gyrs ago) and 4.3 (12.3 Gyrs ago) for metal-poor GCs (MPC) and metal-rich GCs (MRCs), respectively. About 52 % of galaxies with GCs show clear bimodality in their metallicity distribution functions, though less luminous galaxies with M_B fainter than -17 are much less likely to show bimodality owing to little or no MRCs. The number fraction of MRCs does not depend on Hubble type but is generally smaller for less luminous galaxies. The specific frequencies (S_ N) of GCSs are typically higher in ellipticals (S_ N ~ 4.0) than in spirals (S_ N ~ 1.8), and higher again (S_N ~ 5.0) for galaxies located at the centers of clusters of galaxies. The total number of GCs per unit halo mass does not depend strongly on M_B or Hubble type of the host galaxy. The mean metallicities of MPCs and MRCs depend on M_B such that they are higher in more luminous galaxies, though the dependence is significantly weakerfor MPCs.

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