We propose a scheme for the generation of two-mode entangled states between two spatially separated cavities. It utilizes a two-level atom sequentially coupling to two high-Q cavities with a strong classical driving field. It is shown that by suitably choosing the intensities and detunings of the fields and coherent control of the dynamics, several different entangled states such as entangled coherent states and Bell states can be produced between the modes of the two cavities.
We examine the entanglement properties of a system that represents two driven microwave cavities each optomechanically coupled to two separate driven optical cavities which are connected by a single-mode optical fiber. The results suggest that it may be possible to achieve near-maximal entanglement of the microwave cavities, thus allowing a teleportation scheme to enable interactions for hybrid quantum computing of superconducting qubits with optical interconnects.
A system of two coupled cavities is studied in the context of bipartite, continuous variable entanglement. One of the cavities is pumped by an external classical source that is coupled quadratically, to the cavity field. Dynamics of entanglement, quantified by covariance measure [Dodonov {\it et al}, Phys. Lett A {\bf 296}, (2002) 73], in the presence of cavity-cavity coupling and external pumping is investigated. The importance of tailoring the coupling between the cavities is brought out by studying the effects of pump fluctuations on the entanglement.
We present protocols to generate quantum entanglement on nonlocal magnons in hybrid systems composed of yttrium iron garnet (YIG) spheres, microwave cavities and a superconducting (SC) qubit. In the schemes, the YIGs are coupled to respective microwave cavities in resonant way, and the SC qubit is placed at the center of the cavities, which interacts with the cavities simultaneously. By exchanging the virtual photon, the cavities can indirectly interact in the far-detuning regime. Detailed protocols are presented to establish entanglement for two, three and arbitrary $N$ magnons with reasonabl…
We investigate the entanglement dynamics and coherence of two two-level atoms interacting with two coherent fields of two spatially separated and dissipative cavities. It is in particular shown that entanglement sudden death is obtained within a short interacting time. However, after a long interaction time a long-lived entanglement is shown, that is, the initial entanglement of two atoms could be partially preserved. In addition, the coherence of the two atoms will not be lost during the evolution.
The output fields of a pair of coherently coupled nonlinear optical cavities are found to exhibit strong optical entanglement. For sufficiently strong coupling the quantum correlations become asynchronous providing a resource for quantum information protocols such as all-optical quantum memories. A straightforward experimental implementation applicable to whispering gallery mode resonators such as microtoroids is proposed.
A standard model is suggested to explore correlation features of two spatially separated optomechanical cavities. The cavities are coupled through the photon-hopping process. In particular, we investigate the generation of entanglement between mechanical resonators in the strong coupling regime and the two cavities are assumed to be driven by a coherent laser field. In order to quantify entanglement we use the logarithmic negativity. The analytical solutions are presented for the system in a parameter regime very close to the current experimental results. We show that in the presence of the ph…
We propose a scheme to generate two-photon, two-atom, or atom-photon entangledstates with a coupled system of two cavities. In our scheme, two cavity photonsare exchanged by the direct inter-cavity coupling, while atoms in the cavitiessimply play the role of generating and probing them. By virtue of the highefficiency of atomic state measurement, this method enables the realization ofefficient heralded entanglement generation robust against photon loss, whichgreatly facilitates applications in quantum information processing.
We study the evolution of a photonic state in a coupled pair of anharmonic cavities and compare it with the corresponding system of two coupled harmonic cavities. The photons in the anharmonic cavities interact with a two-level atom and are described within the Jaynes-Cummings model. Starting from an eigenstate of the Jaynes-Cummings model with N photons, the evolution of this state in the presence of photon tunneling between the cavities is studied. We evaluate the spectral density, the dynamics of the return as well as the transition amplitudes and the probability for the dynamical creation …
We investigate the stationary bipartite entanglement is a useful hybrid optomechanical system, which is constituted of two coupled-cavity optomechanics through a photon hopping process and both are driven by squeezed light. The transfer of correlations from an entangled light source to optomechanical cavities is explored. It is found that the generation of bipartite entanglement and entanglement transfer depend strongly on photon hopping strength and the matching of the input squeezed modes to the cavity modes. It is revealed that the generated stationary bipartite entanglement due to squeezed…
We propose a scheme to unconditionally entangle the internal states of atoms trapped in separate high finesse optical cavities. The scheme uses the technique of quantum reservoir engineering in a cascaded cavity QED setting, and for ideal (lossless) coupling between the cavities generates an entangled pure state. Highly entangled states are also shown to be possible for realizable cavity QED parameters and with nonideal coupling.
State conversion between Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and W state is an open challenging problem because they cannot be converted to each other only by local operations and classical communication. Here we propose a cavity quantum electrodynamics method based on interference of polarized photons emitted by the atoms trapped in spatially separated optical cavities that can convert a three-atom W state to a GHZ state. We calculate the success probability and fidelity of the converted GHZ state when the cavity decay, atomic spontaneous decay, and photon leakage of the cavities are take…
In the framework of cavity QED, we propose a practical scheme to purify dynamically a bipartite entangled state using short chains of atoms coupled to high-finesse optical cavities. In contrast to conventional entanglement purification protocols, we avoid CNOT gates, thus reducing complicated pulse sequences and superfluous qubit operations. Our interaction scheme works in a deterministic way, and together with entanglement distribution and swapping, opens a route towards efficient quantum repeaters for long-distance quantum communication.
We study how to control the dynamics of tripartite entanglement among optical cavities using non-Markovian baths. In particular, we demonstrate how the reservoir engineering through the utilization of non-Markovian baths with different types of Lorentzian and ohmic spectral densities can lead to an entanglement survival for longer times and in some cases considerable regain of seemingly lost entanglement. Both of these behaviors indicate a better sustainability of entanglement (in time) compared to the usual Markovian bath situations which assumes a flat spectrum of the bath around the system …
The dynamics of two coupled modes sharing one excitation is considered. A scheme to inhibit the evolution of any initial state in subspace $\{|1_{a},0_{b} >, |0_{a},1_{b}>\}$ is presented. The scheme is based on the unitary interactions with an auxiliary subsystem, and it can be used to preserve the initial entanglement of the system.
We propose to produce entanglement by measuring the transmission of an optical cavity. Conditioned on the detection of a reflected photon, pairs of atoms in the cavity are prepared in maximally entangled states. The success probability depends on the cavity parameters, but high quality entangled states may be produced with a high probability even for cavities of moderate quality.
We consider a system consisting of a $Λ$-type atom and a V-type atom, which are individually trapped in two spatially separated cavities that are connected by an optical fibre. We show that an extremely entangled state of the two atoms can be deterministically generated through both photon emission of the $Λ$-type atom and photon absorption of the V-type atom in an ideal situation. The influence of various decoherence processes such as spontaneous emission and photon loss on the fidelity of the entangled state is also investigated. We find that the effect of photon leakage out of the fibre on …
We propose a feasible and efficient scheme to generate $N$-atom $W$-class states in spatially separated cavities without using any classical driving pulses. We adopt the model in which the couplings between different atoms are mediated only by virtual excitations of the cavity and fiber fields, so the scheme is insensitive to the cavity decay and fiber photon leakage. We carry out both theoretical investigation in a decoherence-free subspace and numerical calculation accounting for decoherence due to the atomic spontaneous emission as well as the decay of cavity and fiber modes. The theoretica…
We present a protocol that allows the generation of a maximally entangled state between individual atoms held in spatially separate cavities. Assuming perfect detectors and neglecting spontaneous emission from the atoms, the resulting idealized scheme is deterministic. Under more realistic conditions, when the the atom-cavity interaction departs from the strong coupling regime, and considering imperfect detectors, we show that the scheme is robust against experimental inefficiencies and yields probabilistic entanglement of very high fidelity.
In this paper, we study the effect of classical driving field on the spontaneous emission spectrum of a qubit embedded in a dissipative cavity. Furthermore, we monitor the entanglement dynamics of the driven qubit with its radiative decay under the action of the classical field. Afterwards, we carry out an investigation on the possibility of entanglement swapping between two such distinct driven qubits. The swapping will be feasible with the aid of a Bell state measurement performing on the photons leaving the cavities. It is demonstrated that the classical driving field has a beneficial effec…
By using quantum Zeno dynamics, we propose a controllable approach to deterministically generate tripartite GHZ states for three atoms trapped in spatially separated cavities. The nearest-neighbored cavities are connected via optical fibers and the atoms trapped in two ends are tunably driven. The generation of the GHZ state can be implemented by only one step manipulation, and the EPR entanglement between the atoms in two ends can be further realized deterministically by Von Neumann measurement on the middle atom. Note that the duration of the quantum Zeno dynamics is controllable by switchin…
We examine transfer of particle entanglement and spin squeezing between atomic and photonic subsystems in optical cavities coupled by two-photon exchange. Each cavity contains a single atom, interacting with cavity photons with a two-photon cascade transition. Particle entanglement is characterized by evaluating optimal spin squeezing inequalities, for the cases of initially separable and entangled two-photon states. It is found that particle entanglement is first generated among the photons in separate cavities and then transferred to the atoms. The underlying mechanism is recognized as an in…
Based on two-photon exchange interaction between $n$ coupled optical cavities each of them containing a single three level atom, the $n$-qubit and $n$-photonic state transfer is investigated. In fact, following the approach of Ref.\cite{Alex1}, we consider $n$ coupled cavities instead of two cavities and generalize the discussions about quantum state transfer, photon transition between cavities and entanglement generations between $n$ atoms. More clearly, by employing the consistency of number of photons (the symmetry of Hamiltonian), the hamiltonian of the system is reduced from $3^n$ dimensi…
We propose a method to prepare entangled states and implement quantum computation with atoms in optical cavities. The internal state of the atoms are entangled by a measurement of the phase of light transmitted through the cavity. By repeated measurements an entangled state is created with certainty, and this entanglement can be used to implement gates on qubits which are stored in different internal degrees of freedom of the atoms. This method, based on measurement induced dynamics, has a higher fidelity than schemes making use of controlled unitary dynamics.
We investigate the Hermitian and the non-Hermitian dynamics of the mode entanglement in two identical optical cavities coupled by a chiral mirror. By employing the non-Hermitian quantum evolution, we calculate the logarithmic negativity measure of entanglement for initially Fock, coherent and squeezed states, separately. We verify the non-conservation of mean spin for the initially coherent and squeezed states when the coupling is non-reciprocal and report the associated spin noise for each case. We examine the effects of non-conserved symmetries on the mode correlations and determine the degr…
We propose a scheme to prepare a maximally entangled state for two Lambda-type atoms trapped in separate optical cavities coupled through an optical fiber based on the combined effect of the unitary dynamics and the dissipative process. Our work shows that the fiber loss, as well as the atomic spontaneous emission and the cavity decay, is no longer undesirable, but requisite to prepare the distributed entanglement, which is meaningful for the long distance quantum information processing tasks. Originating from an arbitrary state, the desired state could be prepared without precise time control…
We use a versatile model to evaluate the multipartite entanglement and the nonclassical light generation in optical parametric oscillators, exploring the differences between doubly and triply resonant cavity configurations. We demonstrate the entanglement of the pump mode with converted fields in both situations, and the fundamental differences of oscillators using parametric down conversion and four wave mixing processes as the intracavity amplification technique. The strong correlations involving the sidebands of the pump and converted fields gives the signatures of a rich dynamic of multipa…
Two-photon interference effects, such as the Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect, can be used to characterize to what extent two photons are identical. Identical photons are necessary for both linear optics quantum computing and single-photon quantum cryptography. We study here how storage and delay of photons in coupled cavity arrays, which inevitably will lead to changes in the photons' spectral and temporal profiles, affects their HOM interference. In addition we consider various types of entanglement that occur naturally in such a context.
The system of an atom couples to two distinct optical cavities with phase decoherence is studied by making use of a dynamical algebraic method. We adopt the concurrence to characterize the entanglement between atom and cavities or between two optical cavities in the presence of the phase decoherence. It is found that the entanglement between atom and cavities can be controlled by adjusting the detuning parameter. Finally, we show that even if the atom is initially prepared in a maximally mixed state, it can also entangle the two mode cavity fields.
We study time dependence of various measures of entanglement (covariance entanglement coefficient, purity entanglement coefficient, normalized distance coefficient, entropic coefficients) between resonantly coupled modes of the electromagnetic field in ideal cavities with oscillating boundaries. Two types of cavities are considered: a three-dimensional cavity possessing eigenfrequencies $ω_3=3ω_1$, whose wall oscillates at the frequency $ω_w=2ω_1$, and a one-dimensional (Fabry--Perot) cavity with an equidistant spectrum $ω_n= nω_1$, when the distance between perfect mirrors oscillates at the f…
The effect of dipole-dipole interaction, the initial relative phase and the coupling strength with the cavity on the dynamics of three two level atoms in the good and the bad cavity regime are investigated. It is found that the presence of strong dipole-dipole interaction not only ensures avoiding entanglement sudden death but also retains entanglement for long time. The choice of the phase in the initial state is crucial to the operational regime of the cavity. Under specific conditions, the entanglement can be frozen in time to its initial values through strong dipole-dipole interaction. Thi…
The dynamical evolution of a quantum system composed of two coupled cavities, each containing a two-level atom and a single-mode thermal field, is investigated under different conditions. The entanglement between the two atoms is controlled by the hopping strength and the detuning between the atomic transition and the cavities. We find that when the atomic transition is far off-resonant with both the eigenmodes of the coupled cavity system, the maximally entangled state for the two atoms can be generated with the initial state in which one atom is in the ground state and the other is in the ex…
A system consisting of two identical single-mode cavities coupled to a common environment is investigated within the framework of algebraic dynamics. Based on the left and right representations of the Heisenberg-Weyl algebra, the algebraic structure of the master equation is explored and exact analytical solutions of this system are obtained. It is shown that for such a system, the environment can produce entanglement in contrast to its commonly believed role of destroying entanglement. In addition, the collective zero-mode eigen solutions of the system are found to be free of decoherence agai…
In this paper, correlation dynamics for two two-level atoms distributed in two isolated thermal cavities are studied, where the atomic state is initially prepared in a maximum entangled zero-and-two-excitation superposition state. We use two nonclasscal measures including geometric quantum discord via Schatten one norm and concurrence to analyze correlation dynamics for the two atoms when the two cavities have the same or different mean photon numbers. We find though correlation dynamics for these two measures have different features, they have the same characteristics in some particular time …
In our previous paper [Phys. Rev. A 84, 042303 (2011)], we proposed an efficient scheme to purify dynamically a bipartite entangled state using short chains of atoms coupled to high-finesse optical cavities. In contrast to conventional entanglement purification protocols, we avoid controlled-NOT gates and thus reduce complicated pulse sequences and superfluous qubit operations. In this paper, we significantly improve the output fidelity of remotely entangled atoms by introducing one additional entanglement protocol in each of the repeater nodes and by optimizing the laser beams required to con…
We propose a dissipative scheme to prepare a three-dimensional entangled state for two atoms trapped in separate coupled cavities. Our work shows that both atomic spontaneous emission and cavity decay, which are two typical obstacles in unitary-dynamics-based schemes, could be utilized as resources for high-dimensional entangled state preparation without specifying initial state and controlling time precisely. Final numerical simulation with one group of experimental parameters indicates that the performance of our scheme is better than the unitary-dynamics-based scheme.
The dynamics of the quantum discord for two identical qubits in both two independent single-mode cavities and a common single-mode cavity are discussed. For the initial Bell state with correlated spins, while the entanglement sudden death can occur, the quantum discord vanishes only at discrete moments in the independent cavities and never vanishes in the common cavity. Interestingly, quantum discord and entanglement show opposite behaviors in the common cavity, unlike in the independent cavities. For the initial Bell state with anti-correlated spins, quantum discord and entanglement behave in…
We propose a simple technique to generate entanglement between distant cavities by using entanglement swapping involving atomic momenta. For the proposed scheme, we have two identical atoms, both initially in their ground state, each incident on far apart cavities with particular initial momenta. The two cavities are prepared initially in superposition of zero and one photon state. First, we interact each atom with a cavity in dispersive way. The interaction results into atom-field entangled state. Then we perform EPR state measurement on both atomic momenta state which is an analog of Bell me…
The quantum dynamics of two entangled two-level atoms initially in extended Werner-like (EWL) states is studied. Each of the two atoms is located within an isolated and dissipative cavity. If the interaction time of atoms and cavities is not very long, the amount of quantum discord and entanglement between two atoms decreases as the system evolves. The sudden death of quantum discord and entanglement of two atoms occurs within a short interaction time. However, after a long interaction time, quantum discord and entanglement of two atoms could be partially preserved due to the long-lived nature…
We propose a scheme for the generation of entangled states for two atoms trapped in separate cavities coupled to each other. The scheme is based on the competition between the unitary dynamics induced by the classical fields and the collective decays induced by the dissipation of two delocalized field modes. Under certain conditions, the symmetric or asymmetric entangled state is produced in the steady state. The analytical result shows that the distributed steady entanglement can be achieved with high fidelity independent of the initial state, and is robust against parameter fluctuations. We …
We investigate the non-Markovian dynamics of quantum correlation between two initially entangled nitrogen-vacancy centers (NVC) embedded in photonic crystal cavities (PCC). We find that a finite quantum correlation is preserved even asymptotically when the transition frequency of the NVC is within the band gap of the PCC, which is quantitatively different from the result of approaching zero under the Born-Markovian approximation. In addition, once the transition frequency of NVC is far beyond the band gap of the PCC, the quantum correlation initially prepared in NVC will be fully transferred t…
Systems of photonic crystal cavities coupled to quantum dots are a promising architecture for quantum networking and quantum simulators. The ability to independently tune the frequencies of laterally separated quantum dots is a crucial component of such a scheme. Here, we demonstrate independent tuning of laterally separated quantum dots in photonic crystal cavities coupled by in-plane waveguides by implanting lines of protons which serve to electrically isolate different sections of a diode structure.
We propose and analyze a quantum repeater architecture in which Rydberg blocked atomic ensembles inside optical cavities are linked by optical fibers. Entanglement generation, swapping and purification are achieved through collective laser manipulations of the ensembles and photon transmission. Successful transmission and storage of entanglement are heralded by ionization events rather than by photon detection signal used in previous proposals. We demonstrate how the high charge detection efficiency allows for a shortened average entanglement generation time, and we analyze an implementation o…
Individual atoms in optical cavities can provide an efficient interface between stationary qubits and flying qubits (photons), which is an essentiel building block for quantum communication. Furthermore, cavity assisted controlled-not (CNOT) gates can be used for swapping entanglement to long distances in a quantum repeater setup. Nonetheless, dissipation introduced by the cavity during the CNOT may increase the experimental difficulty in obtaining long-distance entanglement distribution using these systems. We analyse and compare a number of cavity-based repeater schemes combining various ent…
Current methods of preparing maximally entangled states in the laboratory need an extremely accurate control of interaction times, requiring sophisticated experimental techniques. Here, we show that such precise control is not necessary when one utilizes short or weak interactions followed by measurements. We present a scheme for the probabilistic generation of Bell states in a pair of cavities, after each has interacted briefly with an atom. The advantage of this proposal, as compared to present schemes, is its low sensitivity to the exact values of experimental parameters such as atomic velo…
The transfer of quantum entanglement (or quantum coherence) is not only fundamental in quantum mechanics but also important in quantum information processing. We here propose a way to achieve the coherent transfer of $W$-class entangled states of qubits among different cavities. Because no photon is excited in each cavity, decoherence caused by the photon decay is suppressed during the transfer. In addition, only one coupler qubit and one operational step are needed and no classical pulses are used in this proposal, thus the engineering complexity is much reduced and the operation is greatly s…
Moving cavities promise to be a suitable system for relativistic quantum information processing. It has been shown that an inertial and a uniformly accelerated one-dimensional cavity can become entangled by letting an atom emit an excitation while it passes through the cavities, but the acceleration degrades the ability to generate entanglement. We show that in the two-dimensional case the entanglement generated is affected not only by the cavity's acceleration but also by its transverse dimension which plays the role of an effective mass.
We propose a novel scheme for the preparation of a maximally entangled state of two atoms in an optical cavity. Starting from an arbitrary initial state, a singlet state is prepared as the unique fixed point of a dissipative quantum dynamical process. In our scheme, cavity decay is no longer undesirable, but plays an integral part in the dynamics. As a result, we get a qualitative improvement in the scaling of the fidelity with the cavity parameters. Our analysis indicates that dissipative state preparation is more than just a new conceptual approach, but can allow for significant improvement …
An open quantum bipartite system consisting of two independent two-level atoms interacting non-linearly with a two-mode electromagnetic cavity field is investigated by proposing a suitable non-Hermitian generalization of Hamiltonian. The mathematical procedure of obtaining the corresponding wave function of the system is clearly given. Panchartnam phase is studied to give a precise information about the required initial system state, which is related to artificial phase jumps, to control the Degree of Entanglement (DEM) and get the highest Concurrence. We discuss the effect of time-variation c…
We theoretically investigate the possibility to generate non-classical states of optical and mechanical modes of optical cavities, distant from each other. A setup comprised of two identical cavities, each with one fixed and one movable mirror and coupled by an optical fiber, is studied in detail. We show that with such a setup there is potential to generate entanglement between the distant cavities, involving both optical and mechanical modes. The scheme is robust with respect to dissipation, and nonlocal correlations are found to exist in the steady state at finite temperatures.
The transfer of entangled, quantum correlated, flying photons from a squeezed field to single-mode cavities is investigated. It is shown that, while the transfer of photons begins immediately after the input squeezed field is turned on, the time at which quantum correlations start to be transferred to the cavities is strongly dependent on the initial population of the cavities. For the initially empty cavities, the transfer of quantum correlations begins immediately after the squeezed field is turned on, but it is delayed by a certain time interval when the cavities are initially populated. We…
An experimentally realizable model based on the interaction between an excited two-level atom and a radiation field inside two quantum electrodynamics cavities is proposed. It consists of sending an excited two-level atom through two serial cavities which contain the radiation field. Hence, the Lindblad master equation described the reduced density matrix of the joint-joint field system inside the cavities is exactly solved in Markovian and non-Markovian regimes. However, the rate of entanglement inherent in the total field-field system are evaluated using various witnesses of entanglement suc…
Distribution of the entangled state of trapped atomic ions to long distance using quantum repeater protocol is considered. Indeed, the long distance is divided into short parts, and then using entanglement generation and entanglement swapping techniques in optomechanical cavities, the entanglement is distributed. To do the task, we perform interaction between trapped atomic ions in optomechanical cavities, operate proper measurements on trapped ions and also make Bell state measurement as a well-known way to swap the entanglement. Accordingly, the entanglement is distributed between target ion…
