物理主义与量子力学
Physicalism versus quantum mechanics
摘要：
在心灵和大脑之间联系的理论背景下，物理主义要求一切基本上都是纯粹的物理。但是，体现在这一要求中的“物理”概念的基本特征是经典物理理论中所持有的物理性质。这些性质中的某些与量子力学的物理性质相矛盾，量子力学提供了对现象更好、更全面和更基本的解释。有人认为，当物理学的经典观念被它的量子继承者所取代时，困扰物理主义者半个世纪并将继续困扰物理主义者的困难就消失了。通过利用最近的证据将我们的意识经验与发生在大脑中分离良好的部分的宏观可测量的同步振荡联系起来，这个论点被具体化，使非物理学家也能理解。一个特定的新模型，从根本上说是量子力学，但有意识的经验，这些宏观同步振荡的心灵-大脑的连接是用来说明之间的本质差异的经典和量子概念的物理，特别是要证明失败的物理因果封闭原则的量子世界，这种失败超出了观察结果的随机性所带来的后果，并适应了大脑中有意识意图的功效。
英文摘要：
In the context of theories of the connection between mind and brain, physicalism is the demand that all is basically purely physical. But the concept of "physical" embodied in this demand is characterized essentially by the properties of the physical that hold in classical physical theories. Certain of these properties contradict the character of the physical in quantum mechanics, which provides a better, more comprehensive, and more fundamental account of phenomena. It is argued that the difficulties that have plaged physicalists for half a century, and that continue to do so, dissolve when the classical idea of the physical is replaced by its quantum successor. The argument is concretized in a way that makes it accessible to non-physicists by exploiting the recent evidence connecting our conscious experiences to macroscopic measurable synchronous oscillations occurring in well-separated parts of the brain. A specific new model of the mind-brain connection that is fundamentally quantum mechanical but that ties conscious experiences to these macroscopic synchronous oscillations is used to illustrate the essential disparities between the classical and quantum notions of the physical, and in particular to demonstrate the failure in the quantum world of the principle of the causal closure of the physical, a failure that goes beyond what is entailed by the randomness in the outcomes of observations, and that accommodates the efficacy in the brain of conscious intent.
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