Taking a clue from their sharp-edged (strip-like) morphology observed in several cases, a new mechanism is proposed for the formation of the emission gaps seen between the radio lobes of many powerful extragalactic double radio sources. Canonical understanding of the radio gaps invokes either blocking of the back-flowing lobe plasma by the denser interstellar medium (ISM) of the host galaxy, or "squeezing" of the radio bridge in the middle through buoyancy force exerted by either the ISM or the surrounding intra-cluster medium (ICM). These pictures encounter difficulties in explaining situations where the sharp-edged radio gaps associated with non-cluster radio galaxies have widths running into several tens (even hundreds) of kiloparsecs. More particularly, the required dense high-pressure ISM/ICM is likely to be lacking at least in the case of high-redshift radio galaxies. We propose here that radio emission gaps in at least such cases could arise from a dynamical interaction between the powerful thermal wind outflowing from the active galactic nucleus and the back-flowing synchrotron plasma in the two radio lobes, which occurs once the rapidly advancing jets have crossed out of the wind zone into the intergalactic medium. A simple analytical scheme is presented to explore the plausibility of the side-ways confinement of the thermal wind by the radio lobe pair, which would "freeze" pancake shaped conduits in the space, along which the hot, metal enriched wind from the AGN can escape (roughly orthogonal to the radio axis). Some other possible consequences of this scenario are pointed out.
We present a sample of 16 radio galaxies, each of which is characterized by a wide, elongated emission gap with fairly sharp and straight edges between the two radio lobes. This particular subset of the 'superdisk' radio galaxies is chosen because of a highly asymmetric location of the host elliptical galaxy relative to the gap's central axis. In addition to posing a considerable challenge to the existing models, such a morphology also means that the two jets traverse highly unequal distances through the superdisk material. One thus has a possibility to directly investigate if the marked asymm…
Active Galactic Nuclei can produce extremely powerful jets. While tightly collimated, the scale of these jets and the stellar density at galactic centers implies that there will be many jet/star interactions, which can mass-load the jet through stellar winds. Previous work employed modest wind mass outflow rates, but this does not apply when mass loading is provided by a small number of high mass-loss stars. We construct a framework for jet mass-loading by stellar winds for a broader spectrum of wind mass-loss rates than has been previously considered. Given the observed stellar mass distribut…
Relativistic jets in Galactic superluminals and extragalactic AGN may be surrounded by a wind near to the central engine. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation reveal considerable stabilization of relativistic jet flow by a wind to helical and higher order asymmetric modes of jet distortion. When velocities are measured in the source (inlet) frame, reduction in the absolute velocity difference between jet and wind, $Δv = v_{jet} - v_{wnd}$, provides stabilization in addition to stabilization provided by a high jet Lorentz factor, but a high Lorentz factor wind is not needed to stabiliz…
We present three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of the interaction of a slow wind from an asymptotic giant branch(AGB) star and a jet blown by an orbiting companion. The jet or "Collimated Fast Wind" is assumed to originate from an accretion disk which forms via Bondi accretion of the AGB wind or Roche lobe overflow. We present two distinct regimes in the wind-jet interaction determined by the ratio of the AGB wind to jet momentum flux. Our results show that when the wind momentum flux overwhelms the flux in the jet a more dis-ordered outflow outflow results with the jet assuming a corks…
We present two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of both jet- and wind-driven models for protostellar outflows in order to make detailed comparisons to the kinematics of observed molecular outflows. Comparing the different simulations with observations, we find that some outflows, e.g., HH 212, show features consistent with the jet-driven model, while others, e.g., VLA 05487, are consistent with the wind-driven model.
Strong interactions between jets and stellar winds at binary system spatial scales could occur in high-mass microquasars. We study here, mainly from a dynamical but also a radiative point of view, the collision between a dense stellar wind and a mildly relativistic hydrodynamical jet of supersonic nature.}{We have performed numerical 2-dimensional simulations of jets, with cylindrical and planar (slab) symmetry, crossing the stellar wind material. From the results of the simulations, we derive estimates of the particle acceleration efficiency, using first order Fermi acceleration theory, and g…
We review advances in the theoretical and computational studies of disk winds, jets and outflows including: the connection between accretion and jets, the launch of jets from magnetized disks, the coupled evolution of jets and disks, the interaction of magnetized young stellar objects with their surrounding disks and the relevance to outflows, and finally, the link between jet formation and gravitational collapse. We also address the predictions that the theory makes about jet kinematics, collimation, and rotation, that have recently been confirmed by high spatial and spectral resolution obser…
Two three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamical simulations of strongly magnetized conical jets, one with a poloidal and one with a helical magnetic field, have been performed. In the poloidal simulation a significant sheath (wind) of magnetized moving material developed and partially stabilized the jet to helical twisting. The fundamental pinch mode was not similarly affected and emission knots developed in the poloidal simulation. Thus, astrophysical jets surrounded by outflowing winds could develop knotty structures along a straight jet triggered by pinching. Where helical twisting dominated th…
Optical and radio afterglows arising from the shocks by relativistic conical ejecta running into pre-burst massive stellar winds are revisited. Under the homogeneous thin-shell approximation and a realistic treatment for the lateral expansion of jets, our results show that a notable break exists in the optical light curve in most cases we calculated in which the physical parameters are varied within reasonable ranges. For a relatively tenuous wind which cannot decelerate the relativistic jet to cause a light curve break within days, the wind termination shock due to the ram pressure of the sur…
We conduct 2D numerical simulations of jets expanding into the slow wind of asymptotic giant branch stars. We show that the post-shock jets' material can explain the observed extended X-ray emission from some planetary nebulae (PNs). Such jets are thought to shape many PNs, and therefore it is expected that this process will contribute to the X-ray emission from some PNs. In other PNs (not simulated in this work) the source of the extended X-ray emission is the shocked spherical wind blown by the central star. In a small fraction of PNs both sources might contribute, and a two-temperatures gas…
Gamma-ray bursts with long durations are widely thought to arise from the collapse of massive stars, where the wind environment is unavoidable. It is also believed that $γ$-ray bursts come from jets. Considering these two points in this paper, we calculate the evolution of a highly collimated jet that expands in a stellar wind environment and the expected afterglow from such a jet. We use a set of refined dynamical equations and a realistic lateral speed of the jet, and find: (1) There is no observable break at the time when the Lorentz factor of the jet is equal to the inverse of its initial …
We have used the vectorised and parallelised magnetohydrodynamics code NIRVANA on the NEC SX-5 and the new SX-6 installation in parallel mode to simulate the interaction of jets with a galactic wind that might be typical for the star-bursting radio-galaxies of the early universe. The two simulations, one axisymmetric and one in 3D show that the jet pierces and destroys a thin and dense shell produced by the pre-installed superwind. We suggest that small radio galaxies at high redshift might be absorbed on the blue wing due to the galactic wind shell, and possibly on the red wing due to a cooli…
We present new data from High Energy Density (HED) laboratory experiments designed to explore the interaction of a heavy hypersonic radiative jet with a cross wind. The jets are generated with the MAGPIE pulsed power machine where converging conical plasma flows are produced from a cylindrically symmetric array of inclined wires. Radiative hypersonic jets emerge from the convergence point. The cross wind is generated by ablation of a plastic foil via soft-X-rays from the plasma convergence region. Our experiments show that the jets are deflected by the action of the cross wind with the angle o…
The structure and the evolution of Pulsar Wind Nebulae (PWNe) are studied by means of two-dimensional axisymmetric relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (RMHD) simulations. After the first imaging of the Crab Nebula with Chandra, a growing number of objects has been found to show in the X-rays spatial features such as rings and jets, that clearly cannot be accounted for within the standard framework of one-dimensional semi-analytical models. The most promising explanation suggested so far is based on the combined effects of the latitude dependence of the pulsar wind energy flux, shaping the wind te…
We present numerical simulations of the interaction between a collimated, bipolar ``pulse'' ejected from a star and a continuous wind ejected from a stellar companion. We explore the characteristics of the predicted H$α$ intensity maps by varying selected input parameters. We find that the asymmetry (in size and strength) between the two lobes of the proto-planetary nebula OH 231.8+4.2 is reproduced in this scenario if the wind ejected by the companion star has a strong latitude dependence.
We follow numerically the time evolution of axisymmetric outflows driven magneto-centrifugally from the inner portion of accretion disks, from their launching surface to large, observable distances. Special attention is paid to the collimation of part of the outflow into a dense, narrow jet around the rotation axis, after a steady state has been reached. For parameters typical of T Tauri stars, we define a fiducial ``jet'' as outlined by the contour of constant density at 10^4 cm^{-3}. We find that the jet, so defined, appears nearly cylindrical well above the disk, in agreement with previous …
Protostellar jets and winds are probably driven magnetocentrifugally from the surface of accretion disks close to the central stellar objects. The exact launching conditions on the disk, such as the distributions of magnetic flux and mass ejection rate, are poorly unknown. They could be constrained from observations at large distances, provided that a robust model is available to link the observable properties of the jets and winds at the large distances to the conditions at the base of the flow. We discuss the difficulties in constructing such large-scale wind models, and describe a novel tec…
AIMS: We examine whether ejection phenomena from accreting T Tauri stars can be described by only one type of self-collimated jet model. METHODS: We present analytical kinematic predictions valid soon after the Alfvén surface for all types of steady magnetically self-confined jets. RESULTS: We show that extended disc winds, X-winds, and stellar winds occupy distinct regions in the poloidal speed vs. specific angular momentum plane. Comparisons with current observations of T Tauri jets yield quantitative constraints on the range of launching radii, magnetic lever arms, and specific energy input…
Axisymmetric magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations have been applied to investigate the interrelation of a central stellar magnetosphere and stellar wind with a surrounding magnetized disk outflow and how the overall formation of a large scale jet is affected. The initial magnetic field distribution applied is a superposition of two components - a stellar dipole and a surrounding disk magnetic field, in both either parallel or anti-parallel alignment. Correspondingly, the mass outflow is launched as stellar wind plus a disk wind. Our simulations evolve from an initial state in hydrostatic equi…
We show that the formal asymptotic limit for all rotating polytropic axisymmetric perfect MHD flows is a kinetic energy dominated wind which collimates to paraboloids around the symmetry axis. We reach this result by showing that another, a priori possible, solution with finite Poynting flux can be excluded on the following physical grounds: (1) the wind velocity does not exceed the fast mode speed everywhere and (2) the circumpolar current increases with distance from the source.We show that asymptotic hoop stress collimation is mathematically robust and we give strong arguments why recent an…
We explore the physics of time-dependent hydrodynamic collimation of jets from Young Stellar Objects (YSOs). Using parameters appropriate to YSOs we have carried out high resolution hydrodynamic simulations modeling the interaction of a central wind with an environment characterized by a moderate opening angle toroidal density distribution. The results show that the the wind/environment interaction produces strongly collimated supersonic jets. The jet is composed of shocked wind gas. Using analytical models of wind blown bubble evolution we show that the scenario studied here should be applica…
Most of middle-aged supernova remnants (SNRs) have a distorted and complicated appearance which cannot be explained in the framework of the Sedov-Taylor model. We consider three typical examples of such SNRs (Vela SNR, MSH 15-52, G 309.2-00.6) and show that their structure could be explained as a result of interaction of a supernova (SN) blast wave with the ambient medium preprocessed by the action of the SN progenitor's wind and ionized emission.
In this paper we explore the effect of radiative losses on purely hydrodynamic jet collimation models applicable to Young Stellar Objects (YSOs). In our models aspherical bubbles form from the interaction of a central YSO wind with an aspherical circum-protostellar density distribution. Building on a previous non-radiative study (Frank & Mellema 1996) we demonstrate that supersonic jets are a natural and robust consequence of aspherical wind-blown bubble evolution. The simulations show that the addition of radiative cooling makes the hydrodynamic collimation mechanisms studied by Frank & Melle…
We study the bending of jets in binary stellar systems. A compact companion accretes mass from the slow wind of the mass-losing primary star, forms an accretion disk, and blows two opposite jets. These fast jets are bent by the slow wind. Disregarding the orbital motion, we find the dependence of the bending angle on the properties of the slow wind and the jets. Bending of jets is observed in planetary nebulae which are thought to be the descendants of interacting binary stars. For example, in some of these planetary nebulae the two bubbles (lobes) which are inflated by the two opposite jets, …
An axisymmetric MHD model is examined analytically to illustrate some key aspects of the physics of hot and magnetized outflows which originate in the near environment of a central gravitating body. By analyzing the asymptotical behaviour of the outflows it is found that they attain a variety of shapes such as conical, paraboloidal or cylindrical. However, non cylindrical asymptotics can be achieved only when the magnetic pinching is negligible and the outflow is overpressured on its symmetry axis. In cylindrical jet-type asymptotics, the outflowing plasma reaches an equilibrium wherein it is …
Within Abell galaxy clusters containing wide-angle tailed radio sources, there is evidence of a ``prevailing wind'' which directs the WAT jets. We study the alignment of WAT jets and nearby clusters to test the idea that this wind may be a fossil of drainage along large-scale supercluster axes. We also test this idea with a study of the alignment of WAT jets and supercluster axes. Statistical test neighbours indicate no alignment of WAT jets towards nearest clusters, but do indicate approximately 98% confidence in alignment with the long axis of the supercluster in which the cluster lies. We f…
In high-mass microquasars (HMMQ), strong interactions between jets and stellar winds at binary system scales could occur. In order to explore this possibility, we have performed numerical 2-dimensional simulations of jets crossing the dense stellar material to study how the jet will be affected by these interactions. We find that the jet head generates strong shocks in the wind. These shocks reduce the jet advance speed, and compress and heat up jet and wind material. In addition, strong recollimation shocks can occur where pressure balance between the jet side and the surrounding medium is re…
Microquasars are accreting X-ray binary systems with non-thermal radio jets. In some of these systems the jet is expected to be strongly misaligned with the perpendicular to the orbital plane. If the donor star is an early-type star, the jet could collide with the stellar wind producing a standing shock between the compact object and the stellar surface. Relativistic particles injected by the jet can be re-accelerated and isotropized at the colliding region. If the jet has hadronic content, TeV protons will diffuse into the inner, dense wind leading to gamma-ray and neutrino production from in…
We have studied the accretion disk during the radio plateau state and the following superluminal relativistic radio jets and have provided a tight correlation between accretion disk and superluminal jet parameters. We find that accretion rate during the plateaux is very high and suggest that the accretion disk during the radio plateaux is always associated with radiation-driven wind. The internal shock forms in the previously generated slowly moving wind (during plateau) with $β$ $\le$ 0.01 as the fast moving discrete jet (usually at the end of plateau) with $β$ $\sim$ 1 catches up and interac…
We investigate the emissivity properties of the main near-IR transitions of the Fe+ ion in the conditions prevailing in the inner regions of jets from young stars, based on a simplified 16-level atom model. We present new diagnostic diagrams involving prominent near-IR line ratios that allow us to constrain the electronic density, temperature, and Fe gas phase abundance ratio, independently of the heating process. Comparison with recent near-IR observations of a sample of HH objects indicates gas phase Fe abundances ranging from 15-50 % up to 100 % of the solar value in agreement with the mode…
We present numerical simulations investigating the interaction of AGN jets with galaxy clusters, for the first time taking into account the dynamic nature of the cluster gas and detailed cluster physics. The simulations successfully reproduce the observed morphologies of radio sources in clusters. We find that cluster inhomogeneities and large scale flows have significant impact on the morphology of the radio source and cannot be ignored a-priori when investigating radio source dynamics. Morphological comparison suggests that the gas in the centres of clusters like Virgo and Abell 4059 shows s…
We present long-slit spectroscopy and spectro-astrometry of HeI 1.083 micron emission in the T Tauri star, DG Tau. We identify three components in the HeI feature: (1) a blueshifted emission component atv -200 km s^-1, (2) a bright emission component at zero-velocity with a FWZI of ~500 km s^-1, and (3) a blueshifted absorption feature at velocities between -250 and -500 km s^-1. The position and velocity of the blueshifted HeI emission coincide with a high-velocity component (HVC) of the [FeII] 1.257 micron emission, which arises from a jet within an arcsecond of the star. The presence of suc…
We present results of our detailed theoretical study of the observed orbital modulation of the radio emission in Cyg X-1. The modulation occurs due to free-free absorption in the wind from the companion star varying with the orbital phase, and our results put strong constraints on the spatial distribution of the jet radio emission at the frequencies of 2-15 GHz. A crucial role in enhancing the asymmetry of the wind absorption suffered by the jet emission is played by the irradiation by X-rays emitted in the vicinity of the black hole. This increases the wind temperature by more than order of m…
We present a new set of high-resolution molecular line maps of the gas immediately surrounding various Herbig-Haro (HH) knots of the giant HH flow HH 315, from the young star PV Cephei. The observations, aimed at studying the entrainment mechanism of the 2.6 pc-long HH 315 flow, include IRAM 30m maps of the 12CO(2-1), 12CO(1-0), and 13CO(1-0) lines, with beam sizes of 11'', 21'', and 22'', respectively. We compare the morphology and the kinematics of the outflow gas, as well as the temperature and momentum distribution of the molecular outflow with those predicted by different entrainment mode…
We present time-dependent axisymmetric magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the interaction of a relativistic magnetized wind produced by a proto-magnetar with a surrounding stellar envelope, in the first $\sim 10$ seconds after core collapse. We inject a super-magnetosonic wind with $\dot E = 10^{51}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ into a cavity created by an outgoing supernova shock. A strong toroidal magnetic field builds up in the bubble of plasma and magnetic field that is at first inertially confined by the progenitor star. This drives a jet out along the polar axis of the star, even though the star and th…
We apply a two-zone MHD model to the jet of M87. The model consists of an inner relativistic outflow, which is surrounded by a non-relativistic outer disk-wind. The outer disk-wind collimates very well through magnetic self-collimation and confines the inner relativistic jet into a narrow region around the rotation axis. Further, we show by example, that such models reproduce very accurately the observed opening angle of the M87 jet over a large range from the kiloparsec scale down to the sub-parsec scale.
Motivated by recent subarcsecond resolution observations of jets from T Tauri stars, we extend the work of \citep{Safier93a, Safier93b} by computing the thermal and ionization structure of self-similar, magnetically-driven, atomic disk winds heated by ambipolar diffusion. Improvements over his work include: (1) new magnetized cold jet solutions consistent with the underlying accretion disk \citep{Ferreira97}; (2) a more accurate treatment of ionization and ion-neutral momentum exchange rates; and (3) predictions for spatially resolved forbidden line emission (maps, long-slit spectra, and line …
An exact model for magnetized and rotating outflows, underpressured at their axis, is analysed by means of a nonlinear separation of the variables in the two-dimensional governing magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations for axisymmetric plasmas. The outflow starts subsonically and subAlfvénically from the central gravitating source and its surrounding accretion disk and after crossing the MHD critical points, high values of the Alfvén Mach number may be reached. Three broad types of solutions are found: (a) collimated jet-type outflows from efficient magnetic rotators where the outflow is confined…
We present the results of time-dependent, numerical magnetohydrodynamic simulations of a realistic young stellar object outflow model with the addition of a disk-associated magnetic field. The outflow produced by the magnetic star-disk interaction consists of an episodic jet plus a wide-angle wind with an outflow speed comparable to that of the jet (100--200 km/s). An initially vertical field of << 0.1 Gauss, embedded in the disk, has little effect on the wind launching mechanism, but we show that it collimates the entire flow (jet + wide wind) at large (several AU) distances. The collimation …
We present spectra of the afterglow of GRB 021004 taken with WHT ISIS and VLT FORS1 at three epochs spanning 0.49--6.62 days after the burst. We observe strong absorption likely coming from the host galaxy, alongside absorption in HI, SiIV and CIV with blueshifts of up to 2900 km/s from the explosion centre which we assume originates close to the progenitor. We find no significant variability of these spectral features. We investigate the origin of the outflowing material and evaluate various possible progenitor models. The most plausible explanation is that these result in the fossil stellar …
Using axisymmetric MHD simulations we investigate how the overall jet formation is affected by a variation in the disk magnetic flux profile and/or the existence of a central stellar magnetosphere. Our simulations evolve from an initial, hydrostatic equilibrium state in a force-free magnetic field configuration. We find a unique relation between the collimation degree and the disk wind magnetization power law exponent. The collimation degree decreases for steeper disk magnetic field profiles. Highly collimated outflows resulting from a flat profile tend to be unsteady. We further consider a ma…
The simplest model of the afterglows of the gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) envisions a spherical blast wave with a power-law distribution of electron energy above some cutoff running into a constant density medium. A refinement involves a narrow jet, often invoked to explain the steep decline and/or steepening of light curves observed in some afterglows. The constant (ambient) density jet model has been applied to GRBs 991208 and 000301C, based to a large extent on radio observations. We show that, for these two sources, a spherical wind model (with an $r^{-2}$ density ambient medium) can fit the rad…
A jet is simulated on the background of a galactic wind headed by a radiative bow shock. The wind shell, which is due to the radiative bow shock, is effectively destroyed by the impact of the jet cocoon, thanks to Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities. Associated strong HI absorption, and possibly also molecular emission, in high redshift radio galaxies which is observed preferentially in the smaller ones may be explained by that model, which is an improvement of an earlier radiative bow shock model. The model requires temperatures of $\approx 10^6$ K in the proto-clusters hosting these objects, and m…