arXiv 0802.20052008-02-14astro-ph

宇宙的膨胀-标准大爆炸模型

Expansion of the Universe - Standard Big Bang Model

Matts Roos

备注：: 33 pages, 2 figures. Accepted for publication in the UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life Supporting Systems (EOLSS)

摘要：

在简要介绍了16世纪和17世纪的宇宙观和19世纪的奥伯斯悖论之后，我们以哈勃划时代的发现螺旋星系的衰退速度开始了宇宙膨胀的历史。到那时，爱因斯坦的相对论已经广为人知，但还没有合适的度量标准。在介绍广义相对论之前，我们直接从狭义相对论和具有高斯曲率的闵可夫斯基度量出发，对罗伯逊-沃克度量进行了非时序推导。这允许定义观测天文学所需的所有相对论距离测量。直到后来，我们才谈到广义相对论，并描述了它的一些结果：引力透镜、黑洞、各种各样的实验，以及标准大爆炸模型的基石--弗里德曼-勒梅特方程。回溯大爆炸的时间，我们首先要追溯热历史，然后理解宇宙暴胀的必要性及其预测。大爆炸模型的知识主要基于对宇宙微波背景辐射、大尺度结构和遥远超新星红移的观测。他们告诉我们，引力物质由一种成分未知的黑暗和无耗散成分主导，宇宙的可观测部分表现出加速膨胀，其能量甚至比引力物质大。

英文摘要：

After a brief introduction to the sixteenth and seventeenth century views of the Universe and the nineteenth century paradox of Olbers, we start the history of the cosmic expansion with Hubble's epochal discovery of the recession velocities of spiral galaxies. By then Einstein's theories of relativity were well known, but no suitable metric was known. Prior to introducing General Relativity we embark on a non-chronological derivation of the Robertson-Walker metric directly from Special Relativity and the Minkowski metric endowed with a Gaussian curvature. This permits the definition of all relativistic distance measures needed in observational astronomy. Only thereafter do we come to General Relativity, and describe some of its consequences: gravitational lensing, black holes, various tests, and the cornerstone of the standard Big Bang model, the Friedmann-Lemaitre equations. Going backwards in time towards Big Bang we first have to trace the thermal history, and then understand the needs for a cosmic inflation and its predictions. The knowledge of the Big Bang model is based notably on observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation, large scale structures, and the redshifts of distant supernovae. They tell us that gravitating matter is dominated by a dark and dissipationless component of unknown composition, and that the observable part of the Universe exhibits an accelerated expansion representing a fraction of the energy even larger than gravitating matter.

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英文摘要：

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