We consider Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS) on nucleons and nuclei in the framework of generalized vector meson dominance (GVMD) model. We demonstrate that the GVMD model provides a good description of the HERA data on the dependence of the proton DVCS cross section on Q^2, W (at Q^2=4 GeV^2) and t. At Q^2 = 8 GeV^2, the soft W-behavior of the GVMD model somewhat underestimates the W-dependence of the DVCS cross section due to the hard contribution not present in the GVMD model. We estimate 1/Q^2 power-suppressed corrections to the DVCS amplitude and the DVCS cross section and find them large. We also make predictions for the nuclear DVCS amplitude and cross section in the kinematics of the future Electron-Ion Collider. We predict significant nuclear shadowing, which matches well predictions of the leading-twist nuclear shadowing in DIS on nuclei.
The dominance of the soft pomeron in soft high energy scattering and the evolution to the deeply virtual regime, predicted by perturbation theory, allow us to reveal generalized parton distributions from H1 and ZEUS measurements of deeply virtual Compton scattering. These distributions encode a holographic image of the proton, which will be presented.
We consider hard leptoproduction of a photon on a spin-one target and give the general azimuthal angular dependence of the differential cross section. Furthermore, we estimate the beam spin asymmetry for an unpolarized deuteron target at HERMES.
New data points for unpolarized Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering cross sections have been extracted from the E00-110 experiment at Q$^2$=1.9 GeV$^2$ effectively doubling the statistics available in the valence region. A careful study of systematic uncertainties has been performed.
We show how quark-hadron duality can emerge for valence spin averaged structure functions, and for the non-forward distributions of Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering. Novel factorisations of the non-forward amplitudes are proposed. Some implications for large angle scattering and deviations from the quark counting rules are illustrated.
In this prize talk, I recall some of the history surrounding the discovery of deeply virtual Compton scattering, and explain why it is an exciting experimental tool to obtain novel tomographic pictures of the nucleons at Jefferson Lab 12 GeV facility and the planned Electron-Ion Collider in the United States.
We have generated a parametrization of the Compton form factor (CFF) H based on data from deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) using neural networks. This approach offers an essentially model-independent fitting procedure, which provides realistic uncertainties. Furthermore, it facilitates propagation of uncertainties from experimental data to CFFs. We assumed dominance of the CFF H and used HERMES data on DVCS off unpolarized protons. We predict the beam charge-spin asymmetry for a proton at the kinematics of the COMPASS II experiment.
We derive an all order resummation formula for the deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) amplitude, which takes into account soft gluon exchanges in the non-singlet quark coefficient function. We identify the ladder diagrams responsible in light-like gauge for [alphaS log^2 (x +/- xi)]^n contributions. The resummed series results in a simple closed expression.
The status of realistic calculations of nuclear generalized parton distributions, entering the theoretical description of coherent deeply virtual Compton scattering off nuclei, is reviewed for trinucleons and for $^4$He, also in view of forthcoming measurements at the Jefferson Laboratory and at the future Electron Ion Collider.
Neural networks are utilized to fit Compton form factor H to HERMES data on deeply virtual Compton scattering off unpolarized protons. We used this result to predict the beam charge-spin assymetry for muon scattering off proton at the kinematics of the COMPASS II experiment.
We further analyze the holographic dipole-dipole scattering amplitude developed in arXiv:1202.0831, 1205.3223. Gribov diffusion at strong coupling yields the scattering amplitude in a confining background. We compare the holographic result for the differential cross section to proton-proton and deeply virtual Compton scattering data.
We summarize here our investigations on the deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) in the color dipole approach, implementing the dipole cross section through the saturation model. The role played by its QCD evolution and the skewedness effects in the DVCS cross section are discussed. The phenomenological results are compared to the recent H1 and ZEUS experimental data.
We study recent Deeply Virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) data within a dual parameterization of the Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs). This parameterization allows to quantify the maximum amount of information, that can be extracted from DVCS data, in a ``quintessence'' function. We present a ``zero step'' model for the latter solely based on the forward quark density, providing a parameter free prediction for the imaginary part of the DVCS amplitude. It is shown that the bulk effect of the $e p \to e p γ$ beam helicity asymmetry can be understood within such a model.
Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering represents the best experimental channel through which to understand Generalised Parton Distributions. The HERMES experiment measured the most diverse set of DVCS results of any experiment; this talk discusses the most recent sets of DVCS results released by HERMES and the unique experimental conditions found at HERMES that facilitated the measurements. We also examine the various ways in which the HERMES experimental measurements are being used to constrain GPDs and how future experiments can learn from the HERMES program.
Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering in the near forward kinematic region is the golden access to Generalized Parton Distributions. We studied the O(alphaS) corrections to the scattering amplitude for both spacelike and timelike kinematics relevant respectively to the leptoproduction of a real photon and to the photoproduction of a lepton pair. It turns out that these corrections are phenomenologically important and that the gluonic contributions are by no means negligible, even in the moderate energy range of JLab12 and of the COMPASS-II experiment at CERN.
Diffractive deeply virtual Compton scattering (DiDVCS) is the process $γ^*(- Q^2) + N \rightarrow ρ^0 + γ^* (Q'^2)+ N'$, where N is a nucleon or light nucleus, in the kinematical regime of large rapidity gap between the $ρ^0$ and the final photon-nucleus system, and in the generalized Bjorken regime where both photon virtualities $Q^2$ and $ Q'^2$ are large. We show that this process has the unique virtue of combining the large diffractive cross sections at high energy with the tomographic ability of deeply virtual Compton scattering to scrutinize the quark and gluon content of nucleons and li…
We consider the Generalized Parton Distributions for spin-1 nuclei in general and on the deuteron in particular. We use the impulse approximation to obtain a convolution model for them. Sum rules are used to check the validity of the approach and to estimate the importance of higher Fock-space states in the deuteron. Numerical predictions for the Beam Spin Asymmetry in deeply virtual Compton scattering are presented.
Developments in deeply virtual Compton scattering allow the direct measurements of scattering amplitudes for exchange of a highly virtual photon with fine spatial resolution. Real-space images of the target can be obtained from this information. Spatial resolution is determined by the momentum transfer rather than the wavelength of the detected photon. Quantum photographs of the proton, nuclei, and other elementary particles with resolution on the scale of a fraction of a femtometer is feasible with existing experimental technology.
We propose detailed tests of the handbag approximation in exclusive deeply virtual Compton scattering. Those tests make no use of any prejudice about parton correlations in the proton which are basically unknown objects and beyond the scope of perturbative QCD. Since important information on the proton substructure can be gained in the regime of light cone dominance we consider that such a class of tests is of special relevance.
A factorized Regge-pole model for deeply virtual Compton scattering is suggested. The use of an effective logarithmic Regge-Pomeron trajectory provides for the description of both ``soft'' (small $|t|$) and ``hard'' (large $|t|$) dynamics. The model contains explicitly the photoproduction and the DIS limits and fits the existing HERA data on deeply virtual Compton scattering.
Recent results from the Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS) program at Jefferson Lab will be presented. Approved dedicated DVCS experiments at 6 GeV and plans for the 12 GeV upgrade will be discussed.
Coherent deeply virtual Compton scattering on helium-4 beyond leading power
IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay（法国原子能与替代能源署萨克雷大学）；Center for Frontiers in Nuclear Science, Stony Brook University（石溪大学核科学前沿中心）；Centre de Physique Théorique, CNRS, École polytechnique, I.P. Paris（巴黎理工学院巴黎综合理工学院理论物理中心法国国家科学研究中心）；National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ)（波兰国家核研究中心）
We use a generalization of the Rosenbluth separation method for a model independent simultaneous extraction of the Compton Form Factors ${\cal H}$ and ${\cal E}$, from virtual Compton scattering data on an unpolarized target. A precise evaluation of ${\cal H}$ and ${\cal E}$, enabled by the proposed method, is the first step towards pinning down the the distribution of angular momentum inside the proton.
Based on the two-gluon-exchange dynamical mechanism for deeply inelastic scattering at low x ~= Q^2/W^2 <<1, we stress the intimate connection between the total virtual photoabsorption cross section, deeply virtual Compton scattering and vector-meson electroproduction. A simple expression for the cross section for deeply virtual Compton scattering is derived. Parameter-free predictions are obtained for deeply-virtual Compton forward scattering and vector-meson forward production, once the parameters in the total virtual photoabsorption cross section are determined in a fit to the experimental …
The existing QCD predictions for the Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS) depend on the convention used for the skewedness parameter and on the reference frame used to define helicity amplitudes. These ambiquities are formally power-suppressed but numerically significant. They are cancelled by finite-$t$ and target mass corrections that have been calculated recently to the $1/Q^2$ accuracy. It turns out that these corrections can be minimized, at least for unpolarized observables, by choosing a specific reference frame where longitudinal directions are defined by the photon momenta.
The longitudinal target-spin asymmetry A_UL for the exclusive electroproduction of high energy photons was measured for the first time in p(e,e'pγ). The data have been accumulated at Jefferson Lab with the CLAS spectrometer using 5.7 GeV electrons and a longitudinally polarized NH_3 target. A significant azimuthal angular dependence was observed, resulting from the interference of the Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering and Bethe-Heitler processes. The amplitude of the sin(phi) moment is 0.252 +/- 0.042(stat) +/- 0.020(sys). Theoretical calculations are in good agreement with the magnitude and t…
We address the question of interpolation of the virtual Compton scattering process off a polarized nucleon target between the deeply virtual regime for the initial-state photon and its near on-shell kinematics making use of the photon helicity-dependent Compton Form Factors (CFFs) as a main ingredient of the formalism. The five-fold differential cross section for the reaction with all possible polarization options for the lepton and nucleon spins is evaluated in terms of CFFs in the rest reference frame of the initial-state nucleon. We suggest a rather simple parametrization of the Compton had…
Prospects for future measurements of Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering at HERMES are studied using different simple models for parameterizations of generalized parton distributions (GPDs). Measurements of the lepton charge and lepton beam helicity asymmetry will yield important input for theoretical models towards the future extraction of GPDs.
We calculate spin, charge, and azimuthal asymmetries in deeply virtual Compton scattering at leading twist-two level. The measurement of these asymmetries gives an access to the imaginary and real part of all deeply virtual Compton scattering amplitudes. We note that a consistent description of this process requires taking into account twist-three contributions and give then a model dependent estimate of these asymmetries.
We investigate the deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) in the color dipole approach, implementing the dipole cross section through the saturation model, which interpolates successfully between soft and hard regimes. The imaginary and real part of the DVCS amplitude are obtained and the results are compared to the available data.
We show that factorization holds for the deeply virtual Compton scattering amplitude in QCD, up to power suppressed terms, to all orders in perturbation theory. Furthermore, we show that the virtuality of the produced photon does not influence the general theorem.
Exclusive vector meson production and deeply virtual Compton scattering are ideally suited reactions for studying the structure of the proton and the transition from soft to hard processes. The main experimental data obtained at HERA are summarised and presented in the light of QCD approaches.
In this note, we present a new generator for Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering processes. This generator is based on formalism of Generalized Partons Distributions evolved at Next Leading Order (NLO). In the following we give a brief description of this formalism and we explain the main features of the generator for the elastic reactions, as well as for proton dissociation.
Deeply virtual Compton scattering is a fascinating process which can provide a tomographic view of nuclei and bound nucleons. The first experimental results for $^4$He targets, recently released at Jefferson Lab, have been analyzed here in a rigorous Impulse Approximation scenario. For both the coherent and incoherent channels of the process, the main experimental observables have been written in terms of state-of-the-art models of the nuclear spectral function and of the parton structure of the bound proton. A good overall agreement with the data is obtained. The calculation shows that a comp…
We extend the analysis of the deeply virtual Compton scattering process to the weak interaction sector in the generalized Bjorken limit. The virtual Compton scattering amplitudes for the weak neutral and charged currents are calculated at the leading twist within the framework of the nonlocal light-cone expansion via coordinate space QCD string operators. Using a simple model, we estimate cross sections for neutrino scattering off the nucleon, relevant for future high intensity neutrino beam facilities.
Generalised parton distributions are instrumental to study both the three-dimensional structure and the energy-momentum tensor of the nucleon, and motivate numerous experimental programmes involving hard exclusive measurements. Based on a next-to-leading order analysis and a careful study of evolution effects, we exhibit non-trivial generalised parton distributions with arbitrarily small imprints on deeply virtual Compton scattering observables. This means that in practice the reconstruction of generalised parton distributions from measurements, known as the deconvolution problem, does not pos…
The beam spin asymmetries of the reaction ep -> epg in the Bjorken regime were measured over a wide kinematical domain using the CLAS detector and a new lead-tungstate calorimeter. Through the interference of the Bethe-Heitler process with Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering, those asymmetries provide constraints for the nucleon Generalized Parton Distributions models. The observed shapes are in agreement with twist-2 dominance predictions.
We have calculated the NLO corrections to the twist-2 part of the deeply-virtual Compton scattering amplitude. Our results for the transverse and antisymmetric parts agree with recent calculations by Ji and Osborne and by Belitsky and Müller. In addition we present NLO results for the longitudinal part of the amplitude.
We calculate the quark coefficient function Tq(x,xi) that enters the factorized amplitude for deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) at all order in a soft and collinear gluon approximation, focusing on the leading double logarithmic behavior in x +/- xi, where x +/- xi is the light cone momentum fraction of the incoming/outgoing quarks. We show that the dominant part of the known one loop result can be understood in an axial gauge as the result of a semi-eikonal approximation to the box diagram. We then derive an all order result for the leading contribution of the ladder diagrams and deduc…
We show that the one-loop QCD correction to deeply-virtual Compton scattering can be factorized into the finite perturbative contributions and the collinearly-divergent terms, which correspond to the matrix elements of the off-forward parton distributions. As a by-product, we obtain the next-to-leading order coefficient functions in the generalized operator product expansion of two vector currents.
We compute the deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) amplitude for forward and backward scattering in the asymptotic limit. Since this calculation does not assume ordering of the transverse momenta, it includes important logarithmic contributions that are beyond those summed by the DGLAP evolution. These contributions lead to a power-like behavior for the forward DVCS amplitude.
An interesting breakthrough in understanding the elusive inner content of nuclear systems in terms of partonic degrees of freedom is represented by deeply virtual Compton scattering processes. In such a way, tomographic view of nuclei and bound nucleons in coordinate space could be achieved for the first time. Moreover, nowadays experimental results for such a process considering $^4$He targets recently released at Jefferson Lab are available. In this talk, the recent results of our rigorous Impulse Approximation for DVCS off $^4$He, in terms of state-of-the-art models of the nuclear spectral …
We evaluate within a microscopic calculation the contributions of both coherent and incoherent deeply virtual Compton scattering from a spin-0 nucleus. The coherent contribution is obtained when the target nucleus recoils as a whole, whereas for incoherent scattering break-up configurations for the final nucleus into a an outgoing nucleon and an $A-1$ system are considered. The two processes encode different characteristics of generalized parton distributions.
This work reviews the recent developments in the field of Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) and Deeply virtual Compton scattering in the valence region, which aim at extracting the quark structure of the nucleon. We discuss the constraints which the present generation of measurements provide on GPDs, and examine several state-of-the-art parametrizations of GPDs. Future directions in this active field are discussed.
We study twist-three effects in deeply virtual Compton scattering on an unpolarized spin-1/2 target. A careful definition of observables as Fourier moments w.r.t. the azimuthal angle allows for a clear separation of twist-two and -three effects. Although the latter are power suppressed, they give leading contributions to the twist-three asymmetries and do not affect the twist-two observables.
A model for deeply virtual Compton scattering, based on analytical light-cone hadron wave functions is presented and studied at energies currently accessible at Jefferson Laboratory, DESY, and beyond. It is shown that perpendicular vector components play an important role at Q^2 < 10 GeV^2 and that the meson-exchange diagrams are important at all energies. This could significantly impact the physical interpretation of the underlying hadron amplitudes.
Using the similarity between twist 3 contributions to transverse spin for usual parton distributions and transverse momentum for non-diagonal parton distributions, we determine for the simple case of a scalar (pion, $He^4$) target the linear in transverse momentum twist-3 contribution to Deeply Virtual Compton amplitude. This allows to write a gauge invariant amplitude for this non-forward process.
A two-gluon-exchange model incorporating perturbative and non-perturbative effects is presented for rho electroproduction which provides an excellent description of all current data. This is then used to calculate the contribution from the rho to deeply virtual Compton scattering via the vector-meson-dominance transition rho -> gamma. This is found to be sufficiently large to provide a significant contribution through interference with the perturbative QCD term.
We consider the azimuthal angle dependence in the cross section of the hard leptoproduction of a photon on a nucleon target. We show that this dependence allows to define observables that isolate the twist-two and twist-three sectors in the deeply virtual Compton scattering amplitude. All twist-two and twist-three Compton form factors can be extracted from measurements of the charge odd part of the polarized cross section and give access to all generalized parton distributions.
We study the deeply virtual Compton scattering process with both twist-two and twist-three Compton form factors and present our cross-sections formulas with all polarization configurations. While the twist-three contributions are generally assumed to be negligible in the literature due to the kinematical suppression, we compare them with the twist-two ones at typical JLab 6 GeV and 12 GeV kinematics as well as EIC kinematics and show their kinematical suppression explicitly, justifying the leading-twist approximation made in the literature. In addition, we also estimate the twist-three Compton…
We study the deeply virtual Compton scattering cross-section in twist-two generalized parton distribution (GPD) approximation, and show that different choices of light-cone vectors and gauges for the final photon polarization will lead to different higher-order kinematical corrections to the cross-section formula. The choice of light-cone vectors affects kinematic corrections at the twist-three level, accounting for the differences between the cross-section formulas in the literature. On the other hand, kinematical corrections from higher-twist GPDs should eliminate the light-cone dependence a…
Applications of perturbative QCD to deeply virtual Compton scattering process require a generalization of usual parton distributions for the case when long-distance information is accumulated in nonforward matrix elements of quark and gluon operators. We discuss two types of functions parametrizing such matrix elements: double distributions F(x,y;t) and nonforward distribution functions \cal F_ζ(X;t) and also their relation to usual parton densities f(x).
We study the deeply-virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) process $e^- N \to e^- γπN$ involving the transition between a nucleon and a nucleon resonance in the $πN$ system, within the framework of generalized parton distributions (GPDs). For the four lowest-lying nucleon resonances, $Δ(1232)$, $P_{11}(1440)$, $D_{13}(1520)$, and $S_{11}(1535)$, we express the DVCS amplitude in the Bjorken limit in terms of corresponding nucleon-to-resonance GPDs. Building upon the knowledge of the well studied electromagnetic nucleon-to-resonance transition form factors, which map the quark charge densities in tra…
