企业在$(d+1)$维工作空间中的涌现
Emergence of firms in $(d+1)$-dimensional work space
摘要：
标准的微观经济学专注于对市场的描述，但很少对生产感兴趣。几位经济学家讨论了公司的概念，而不是企业家利用每一个商业机会招聘工人的开放劳动力市场。科斯\cite{Coase}就是其中之一，他解释了企业作为制度的存在，因为它们降低了开放劳动力市场的交易成本。无论经济学家提出什么理由来解释企业的存在，他们的观点都是基于效率和成本分析。很少有人注意到企业的出现和演变的动态。本手稿的目的是检查一个非常简单的模型的基础上有限理性和强化学习的全局动力学性质。工人和管理者被定位在一个网格上，他们根据以前工作关系的成功来选择合作者。选择算法的灵感主要来自Weisbuch等人\cite{Weisbuch}和Nadal等人\cite{Nadal}中讨论的易腐商品市场上观察到的长期客户/卖家关系的观察和建模。这里提出的模型绝不能替代科斯。我们描述了长期关系的建立，这确实降低了交易成本，我们推导出从我们的简单假设建立的网络的动态特性。总之，本模型解释了亚稳定的雇佣关系在公司，但必须添加到它来解释更有效的工作量再分配观察到在真实的公司。
英文摘要：
Standard micro-economics concentrate on the description of markets but is seldom interested in production. Several economists discussed the concept of a firm, as opposed to an open labour market where entrepreneurs would recrute workers on the occasion of each business opportunity. Coase \cite{Coase} is one of them, who explains the existence of firms as institution because they reduce the transaction costs with respect to an open labour market. Whatever the rationale proposed by economists to account for the existence of firms, their perspective is based on efficiency and cost analysis. Little attention is paid to the dynamics of emergence and evolution of firms. The aim of the present manuscript is to check the global dynamical properties of a very simple model based on bounded rationality and reinforcement learning. Workers and managers are localised on a lattice and they choose collaborators on the basis of the success of previous work relations. The choice algorithm is largely inspired rom the observation and modeling of long term customer/sellers relationships observed on perishable goods markets discussed in Weisbuch etal\cite{Weisbuch} and Nadal etal\cite{Nadal}. The model presented here is in no way an alternative to Coase. We describe the build-up of long term relationships which do reduce transaction costs, and we deduce the dynamical properties of networks built from our simple assumptions. In conclusion, the present model explains the metastability of employment relations in the firm, but something has to be added to it to explain the more efficient workload repartition observed in real firms.
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