太阳质量损失、天文单位和太阳系的尺度
Solar Mass Loss, the Astronomical Unit, and the Scale of the Solar System
摘要：
太阳的辐射和微粒质量损失（-9.13 10 ^-14太阳质量/年或更大）导致行星的轨道以相同的速率扩张，其周期以两倍于此的速率延长。不幸的是，根据目前基于固定的高斯引力常数kGS = 0.01720209895（AU）^1.5/天的天文单位（AU）定义，以米为单位的AU的值AUmet必须以1/3的速率减少，所有这些速率都用数学表示。行星沿其轨道的运动速度随时间成二次方地减慢。例如，在一个世纪内，水星将落后于使用恒定太阳质量预测的位置近1.4公里，在两个世纪内5.5公里。可以根据参考太阳质量单位（如J2000处的太阳质量）重新定义AUmet的值，使其成为常数;否则，用于定义AU的太阳高斯重力常数kGS可以重新定义为与太阳质量的平方根成比例。星历表的精确度提高将对由于轴子发射造成的损失施加有用的限制（Sikivie 2005）。在没有轴子发射的情况下，地球的半长轴增长1.37米/周;在最大允许的情况下，结果是1.57米/周。在交替引力理论的合理假设下，雷达延迟数据表明，牛顿引力常数变化的影响可以忽略不计。
英文摘要：
The radiative and particulate loss of mass by the Sun, -9.13*10^-14 Solar masses per year or more causes the orbits of the planets to expand at the same rate, and their periods to lengthen at twice this rate. Unfortunately, under the present definition of the Astronomical Unit (AU) based on the fixed Gaussian gravity constant kGS = 0.01720209895 (AU)^1.5/day, the value AUmet of the AU in meters must decrease at 1/3 this rate, all these rates being expressed logarithmically. The progress of the planets along their orbits slows quadratically with time. For example, in one century Mercury would lag behind the position predicted using constant solar mass by almost 1.4 km, in two centuries 5.5 km. The value of AUmet can be made constant by redefining it, based on a reference solar mass unit, such as the solar mass at J2000; else, the solar Gaussian gravity constant kGS used in defining the AU could be redefined proportional to the square root of the solar mass. Improved accuracy of the ephemerides would impose useful bounds on losses due to axion emission (Sikivie 2005). With no axion emission the Earth's semi-major axis grows 1.37 m/cy; with the maximum allowable such emission the result is 1.57 m/cy. Under reasonable assumptions about alternate gravity theories, radar delay data are used to show that the effect of a changing Newtonian gravity constant is negligible.
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