The relativistic Faddeev equation for three-nucleon scattering is formulated in momentum space and directly solved in terms of momentum vectors without employing a partial wave decomposition. The equation is solved through Padé summation, and the numerical feasibility and stability of the solution is demonstrated. Relativistic invariance is achieved by constructing a dynamical unitary representation of the Poincaré group on the three-nucleon Hilbert space. Based on a Malfliet-Tjon type interaction, observables for elastic and break-up scattering are calculated for projectile energies in the intermediate energy range up to 2 GeV, and compared to their nonrelativistic counterparts. The convergence of the multiple scattering series is investigated as a function of the projectile energy in different scattering observables and configurations. Approximations to the two-body interaction embedded in the three-particle space are compared to the exact treatment.
Using an isospin-dependent transport model, we have studied the isospin and momentum relaxation times in the heavy residues formed in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies. It is found that only at incident energies below the Fermi energy, chemical or thermal equilibrium can be reached before dynamical instability is developed in the heavy residues. Also, the isospin relaxation time is shorter (longer) than that for momentum at beam energies lower (higher) than the Fermi energy.
Nuclear multifragmentation is an important phenomenon, the study of which can throw light on reaction mechanism in heavy ion collisions at intermediate and high energies. Based on statistical and dynamical model studies, this thesis is concentrated mainly on, the following three aspects of nuclear multifragmentation reactions namely (i) production of exotic nuclei which are normally not available in the laboratory (ii) nuclear symmetry energy from heavy ion collisions at intermediate energies and (iii) Nuclear liquid-gas phase transition. In addition to these equivalence of statistical ensembl…
We investigate a formulation of Poincaré invariant quantum mechanics where the dynamical input is Euclidean invariant Green functions or their generating functional. We argue that within this framework it is possible to calculate scattering observables, binding energies, and perform finite Poincaré transformations without using any analytic continuation. We demonstrate, using a toy model, how matrix elements of $e^{-βH}$ in normalizable states can be used to compute transition matrix elements for energies up to 2 GeV. We discuss some open problems.
In conjunction with models, the experimental observable total multiplicity can be used to check if the data contain the signature of phase transition and if it is first order. Two of the models reach similar conclusions. The third one is quite different.
Relativistic Faddeev equations for three-body scattering are solved at arbitrary energies in terms of momentum vectors without employing a partial wave decomposition. Relativistic invariance is incorporated withing the framework of Poincaré invariant quantum mechanics. Based on a Malfliet-Tjon interaction, observables for elastic and breakup scattering are calculated and compared to non-relativistic ones.
Besides earlier predictions based on both phenomenological models and modern microscopic many-body theories, circumstantial evidence was recently found for a reduced kinetic symmetry energy of isospin-asymmetric nucleonic matter compared to the free Fermi gas model prediction due to the short-range correlation of high-momentum neutron-proton pairs. While keeping the total symmetry energy near the saturation density of nuclear matter consistent with existing experimental constraints, we examine the correspondingly enhanced role of the isospin degree of freedom in heavy-ion collisions at interme…
Antiproton scattering off $^3\He$ and $^4\He$ targets is considered at beam energies below 300 MeV within the Glauber-Sitenko approach, utilizing the $\bar N N$ amplitudes of the Jülich model as input. A good agreement with available data on differential $\bar p ^4\He$ cross sections and on $\bar p ^3\He$ and $\pbar ^4\He$ reaction cross sections is obtained. Predictions for polarized total $\bar p ^3$He cross sections are presented, calculated within the single-scattering approximation and including Coulomb-nuclear interference effects. The kinetics of the polarization buildup is discussed.
We investigate neutrino-nucleus collisions at intermediate energies incorporating quasielastic scattering and Delta(1232) excitation as elementary processes, together with Fermi motion, Pauli blocking and mean-field potentials in the nuclear medium. A full coupled-channel treatment of final state interactions is achieved with a semiclassical BUU transport model. Results for inclusive reactions and nucleon knockout are presented.
Simple approach is used to a description of the experimental data for the widths of fission fragment mass yields in 197Au and 209Bi at low and intermediate energies. This approach based on both the expression for the temperature dependence of the width of fission fragment mass yield and the mass of the most probable fragment. The expression for the width of fission fragment mass yield depends on the mass of the most probable fragment, the surface terms of the energy level density parameter, the temperature and the stiffness parameter of the potential related to mass-asymmetric degree of freedo…
Based on the isospin-dependent Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck transport model and the scaling model according to nucleon effective mass, effects of elastic and inelastic NN scattering cross sections on pion-/pion+ in the neutron-rich reaction of Ca48+Ca48 at a beam energy of 400 MeV/nucleon are studied. It is found that cross-section effects of both NN elastic and inelastic scatterings affect Delta_1232, pion- and pion+ production, as well as the value of pion-/pion+.
Machine learning is becoming a new paradigm for scientific research in various research fields due to its exciting and powerful capability of modeling tools used for big-data processing task. In this mini-review, we first briefly introduce different methodologies of the machine learning algorithms and techniques. As a snapshot of many applications by machine learning, some selected applications are presented especially for low and intermediate energy nuclear physics, which include topics on theoretical applications in nuclear structure, nuclear reactions, properties of nuclear matter as well a…
Based on the isospin-dependent Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck(IBUU) transport model, effects of $Δ$ resonance potential on the free n/p and $π^-/π^+$ ratios in the central collision of $^{197}Au+^{197}Au$ at beam energies of 200 and 400 MeV/A are studied. It is found that the effect of $Δ$ potential on the ratio of pre-equilibrium free $n/p$ is invisible. The effect of $Δ$ isovector potential on the kinetic energy integrating ratio of $π^-/π^+$ may be observable only at lower incident beam energies and with stiffer symmetry energy. The strength of the $Δ$ isoscalar potential affects the height of…
In the domain of Nuclear reactions at intermediate energies, the QCD coupling constant $α_s$ is large enough ($\sim$ 0.3 - 0.5) to render the perturbative calculational techniques inapplicable. In this regime the quarks are confined into colorless hadrons and it is expected that effective field theories of hadron interactions via exchange of hadrons, provide useful tools to describe such reactions. In this contribution we discuss applications of one such theory, the effective Lagrangian model, in describing the hadronic reactions at intermediate energies whose measurements are the focus of a v…
Fragmentation reactions induced on light target nuclei by protons and light nuclei of energies around 1 GeV/nucleon and below are studied with the latest Los Alamos Monte Carlo transport code MCNP6 and with its cascade-exciton model (CEM) and Los Alamos version of the quark-gluon string model (LAQGSM) event generators, version 03.03, used as stand-alone codes. Such reactions are involved in different applications, like cosmic-ray-induced single event upsets (SEU's), radiation protection, and cancer therapy with proton and ion beams, among others; therefore, it is important that MCNP6 simulates…
Pion production in nucleus-nucleus collisions at intermediate energies was modeled in the framework of the Isospin-dependent Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (IBUU) transport model. The effects of nucleon-nucleon short-range correlations in initialization and mean-field potential, isospin-dependent in-medium baryon-baryon elastic and inelastic cross sections and pion in-medium effect are all considered in this model. It is found that the ratio and yields of $π^{-}$and $π^{+}$ in Au+Au reaction at 400 MeV/nucleon reproduce the FOPI/GSI data very well especially with a soft symmetry energy in the pre…
The isobaric yield ratios of the fragments produced in the neutron-rich 48Ca and 64Ni projectile fragmentation are analyzed in the framework of a modified Fisher model. The correlations between the isobaric yield ratios (R) and the energy coefficients in the Weiszäcker-Beth semiclassical mass formula (the symmetry-energy term asym, the Coulomb-energy term ac, and the pairing-energy term ap) and the difference between the chemical potentials of the neutron and proton (μn-μp) are investigated. Simple correlations between (μn-μp)/T, ac/T, asym/T, and ap/T (where T is the temperature), and lnR are…
MCNP6 has been Validated and Verified (V&V) against intermediate- and high-energy fission cross-section experimental data. An error in the calculation of fission cross sections of 181Ta and a few nearby target nuclei by the CEM03.03 event generator in MCNP6 and a "bug: in the calculation of fission cross sections with the GENXS option of MCNP6 while using the LAQGSM03.03 event generator were detected during our V&V work. After fixing both problems, we find that MCNP6 using CEM03.03 and LAQGSM03.03 calculates fission cross sections in good agreement with available experimental data for reaction…
The relativistic three-nucleon problem is formulated by constructing a dynamical unitary representation of the Poincaré group on the three-nucleon Hilbert space. Two-body interactions are included that preserve the Poincaré symmetry, lead to the same invariant two-body S-matrix as the corresponding non-relativistic problem, and result in a three-body S-matrix satisfying cluster properties. The resulting Faddeev equations are solved by direct integration, without partial waves for both elastic and breakup reactions at laboratory energies up to 2 Gev.
Based on an isospin dependent transport model IBUU, effects of high density behavior of nuclear symmetry energy in the proton-rich reaction $^{22}$Si+$^{22}$Si at a beam energy of 400 MeV/nucleon are studied. It is found that the symmetry energy affects $π^{+}$ production more than $π^{-}$. More interestingly, comparing with neutron-rich reactions, for $π^{-}/π^{+}$ and dense matter's N/Z ratios, effects of symmetry energy in the proton-rich reaction both show contrary behaviors. The practical experiment by using the proton-rich reaction $^{22}$Si+$^{40}$Ca to study nuclear symmetry energy are…
Using a relativistic nuclear optical potential consisting of a Lorentz scalar, $V_{s}$, and the time-like component of a four-vector potential, $V_{0}$, we calculate elastic scattering differential cross sections and polarizations for $p+^{4}$He at intermediate energies for which experimental data are available. We also calculate the differential cross sections and analyzing powers for $p+^{6,8}$He at intermediate energies and compare with the few available experimental data.
The elliptic flow for $Z\le2$ particles in heavy ion collisions at energies from several tens to several hundreds MeV per nucleon is investigated by means of transport model,i.e. a new version of the Improved Quantum Molecular Dynamics model (ImQMD05). In this model, a complete Skyrme potential energy density functional is employed. The influence of different effective interactions and medium corrections of nucleon-nucleon cross sections on the elliptic flow are studied. Our results show that a soft nuclear equation of state and incident energy dependent in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross section…
A computer program is presented which calculates the elastic and inelastic scattering in intermediate and high energy nuclear collisions. A coupled-channels method is used for Coulomb and nuclear excitations of E1, E2, E3, M1, and M2 multipolarities, respectively. The program applies to an arbitrary nucleus, specified by the spins and energies of the levels and by reduced matrix elements. For given bombarding conditions, the angular distribution of elastic and inelastic scattered particles and angular distributions of gamma-rays from the excited nucleus are computed.
We study elastic proton-nucleus scattering at intermediate energies. The nucleon-nucleus optical potential is derived from the Bonn nucleon-nucleon potential and the Dirac-Brueckner approach for nuclear matter. Our calculations, which do not contain any adjustable parameters, yield good agreement with experiment.
Heavy ion collisions at intermediate energies can be studied in the context of the Vlasov-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (VUU) model. One of the main features in this model is the nucleon-nucleon (NN) cross section in the collisional term. Quark interchange plays a role in the NN interaction and its effect can be observed in the cross section. We explore the possibility that quark interchange effects can appear in observables at energies lower than RHIC.
The neutron total cross sections $σ_{tot}$ of $^{16,18}$O, $^{58,64}$Ni, $^{103}$Rh, and $^{112,124}$Sn have been measured at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) from low to intermediate energies (3 $\leq E_{lab} \leq$ 450 MeV) by leveraging waveform-digitizer technology. The $σ_{tot}$ relative differences between isotopes are presented, revealing additional information about the isovector components needed for an accurate optical-model description away from stability. Digitizer-enabled $σ_{tot}$-measurement techniques are discussed and a series of uncertainty-quantified dispersive …
For backward elastic scattering of deuterons by ^3He, cross sections σand tensor analyzing power T_{20} are measured at E_d=140-270 MeV. The data are analyzed by the PWIA and by the general formula which includes virtual excitations of other channels, with the assumption of the proton transfer from ^3He to the deuteron. Using ^3He wave functions calculated by the Faddeev equation, the PWIA describes global features of the experimental data, while the virtual excitation effects are important for quantitative fits to the T_{20} data. Theoretical predictions on T_{20}, K_y^y (polarization transfe…
A general analytical expression for the double differential cross section of inclusive deuteron stripping reaction on nuclei at intermediate energies of incident particles was obtained in the diffraction approximation. Nucleon-nucleus phases were calculated in the framework of Glauber formalism and making use of the double-folding potential. The exact wave function of deuteron with correct asymptotics at short and long distances between nucleons was used. The calculated angular dependencies of cross sections are in good agreement with corresponding experimental data.
The Glauber model analysis of the elastic $^{6,8}$He+$p$ scattering data at energies around 700 MeV/nucleon, measured in two separate experiments at GSI-Darmstadt, has been done using several phenomenological parametrizations of the nuclear matter density. By taking into account the new data points measured at the high momentum transfer, the nuclear matter radii of $^{6,8}$He were accurately determined from the Glauber model analysis of the data, with the spin-orbital interaction explicitly taken into account. The well-known geometry for the core and dineutron halo has been used with the new p…
We investigate the Coulomb excitation of low-lying states of unstable nuclei in intermediate energy collisions ($E_{lab}\sim10-500$ MeV/nucleon). It is shown that the cross sections for the $E1$ and $E2$ transitions are larger at lower energies, much less than 10 MeV/nucleon. Retardation effects and Coulomb distortion are found to be both relevant for energies as low as 10 MeV/nucleon and as high as 500 MeV/nucleon. Implications for studies at radioactive beam facilities are discussed.
The $dd\to ^3He n$ reaction is considered at the energies between 200 MeV and 520 MeV. The Alt-Grassberger-Sandhas equations are iterated up to the lowest order terms over the nucleon-nucleon t-matrix. The parameterized ${^3He}$ wave function including five components is used. The angular dependence of the differential cross section and energy dependence of tensor analyzing power $T_{20}$ at the zero scattering angle are presented in comparison with the experimental data.
The tensor analyzing power $T_{20}$ and the polarization transfer coefficients $κ_0 (= 3/2 K_y^y)$ and $K_{xz}^y$ are investigated for dp backward elastic scattering by the invariant-amplitude method. Discrepancies between the conventional calculations and the experimental data on $T_{20}$ and $κ_0$ at high and intermediate energies are mostly dissolved by including imaginary parts in the amplitudes. The quantity $K_{xz}^y$ is shown to be useful in criticizing nuclear force assumptions.
Heavy ion collisions at intermediate energies are studied by using a new RQMD code, which is a covariant generalization of the QMD approach. We show that this new implementation is able to produce the same results in the nonrelativistic limit (i.e. 50MeV/nucl.) as the non-covariant QMD. Such a comparison is not available in the literature. At higher energies (i.e. 1.5 GeV/nucl. and 2 GeV/nucl.) RQMD and QMD give different results in respect to the time evolution of the phase space, for example for the directed transverse flow. These differences show that consequences of a covariant description…
The process of nuclear multifragmentation has been implemented, together with evaporation and fission channels of the disintegration of excited remnants in nucleus-nucleus collisions using percolation theory and the intranuclear cascade model. Colliding nuclei are treated as face--centered--cubic lattices with nucleons occupying the nodes of the lattice. The site--bond percolation model is used. The code can be applied for calculation of the fragmentation of nuclei in spallation and multifragmentation reactions.
We review some results obtained by the Coimbra-Ljubljana collaboration that reveal the important role of the pion cloud in the low- and intermediate-energy nucleon and delta resonances.
The deuteron-proton elastic scattering is studied in the multiple scattering expansion formalism. The contributions of the one-nucleon-exchange, single- and double scattering are taken into account. The Love and Franey parameterization of the nucleon-nucleon $t$-matrix is used, that gives an opportunity to include the off-energy-shell effects into calculations. Differential cross sections are considered at four energies, $T_d=390, 500, 880, 1200$ MeV. The obtained results are compared with the experimental data.
Using an isospin-dependent transport model, we study isospin effects on two-nucleon correlation functions in heavy-ion collisions induced by neutron-rich nuclei at intermediate energies. We find that these correlation functions are sensitive to the density dependence of nuclear symmetry energy, but not to the incompressibility of symmetric nuclear matter and the medium dependence of nucleon-nucleon cross sections. This sensitivity is mainly due to effects of nuclear symmetry energy on the emission times of neutrons and protons as well as their relative emission sequence. We also study the vari…
A model describing nuclear collisions at intermediate energies is presented and the results are compared with recently measured double differential cross sections in C-C reactions at 95 MeV/nucleon. Results show the key role played by geometrical effects and the memory of the entrance channel, in particular the momentum distributions of the two incoming nuclei. Special attention is paid to the description of processes occurring at mid-rapidity. To this end, a random particle production mechanism by means of a coalescence process in velocity space is considered in the overlap region of the two …
Straight line trajectories are commonly used in semi-classical calculations of the first-order Coulomb excitation cross section at intermediate energies, and simple corrections are often made for the distortion of the trajectories that is caused by the Coulomb field. These approximations are tested by comparing to numerical calculations that use exact Coulomb trajectories. In this paper a model is devised for including relativistic effects in the calculations. It converges at high energies towards the relativistic straight-line trajectory approximation and approaches the non-relativistic Coulo…
Fragmentation reactions induced on light and medium nuclei by protons and light nuclei of energies around 1 GeV/nucleon and below are studied with the Los Alamos transport code MCNP6 and with its CEM03.03 and LAQGSM03.03 event generators. CEM and LAQGSM assume that intermediate-energy fragmentation reactions on light nuclei occur generally in two stages. The first stage is the intranuclear cascade (INC), followed by the second, Fermi breakup disintegration of light excited residual nuclei produced after the INC. CEM and LAQGSM account also for coalescence of light fragments (complex particles)…
The Faddeev equation for three-body scattering at arbitrary energies is formulated in momentum space and directly solved in terms of momentum vectors without employing a partial wave decomposition. For identical bosons this results in a three-dimensional integral equation in five variables, magnitudes of relative momenta and angles. The cross sections for both elastic and breakup processes in the intermediate energy range up to about 1 GeV are calculated based on a Malfliet-Tjon type potential, and the convergence of the multiple scattering series is investigated.
A high-precision test of the Glauber formula for the amplitude of nucleon-deuteron scattering is performed. Nucleon-nucleon amplitudes used in the calculations depend on the spins of interacting particles, phase shifts, and mixing parameters. These amplitudes were derived by using the Nijmegen potentials. The differential cross sections for nucleon-deuteron scattering were calculated for the projectile-nucleon energies of 65, 95, 135, 150, 190, and 250~MeV, and the results of these calculations were compared with experimental data.
A microscopic calculation of Compton scattering on the nucleon is presented which encompasses the lowest energies -- yielding nucleon polarizabilities -- and extends to energies of the order of 600 MeV. We have used the covariant "Dressed K-Matrix Model" obeying the symmetry properties which are appropriate in the different energy regimes. In particular, crossing symmetry, gauge invariance and unitarity are satisfied. The extent of violation of analyticity (causality) is used as an expansion parameter.
We investigate the use of proton-nucleus elastic scattering experiments using secondary beams of 6He and 8He to determine the physical structure of these nuclei. The sensitivity of these experiments to nuclear structure is examined by using four different nuclear structure models with different spatial features using a full-folding optical potential model. The results show that elastic scattering at intermediate energies (<100 MeV per nucleon) is not a good constraint to be used to determine features of structure. Therefore researchers should look elsewhere to put constraints on the ground sta…
The differential cross sections of the p^{10}B scattering at energies of 197, 600 and 1000 MeV have been calculated within the framework of the Glauber theory. The operator of multiple scattering takes into account the contributions of single and double collisions. The contributions from protons scattering on the nucleons of different shells have been estimated in the single-scattering cross-section. The comparison with the experiment at 197 MeV and with DWBA calculation showed the adequate description of cross-sections in the region of the front angles.
The deuteron-proton elastic scattering has been studied in the multiple scattering expansion formalism. The essential attention has been given to such relativistic problem as a deuteron wave function in a moving frame and transformation of spin states due to Wigner rotation. Parameterization of the nucleon-nucleon $t$-matrix has been used to take the off-energy shell effects into account. The vector, $A_y,$ and tensor, $A_{yy}$, analyzing powers of the deuteron have been calculated at two deuteron kinetic energies: 395 MeV and 1200 MeV. The obtained results are compared with the experimental d…
The model suggested by Love and Franey for description of the nucleon-nucleon interaction was used as the base. The new fitting of the model parameters was done in the energy range from 100 MeV up to 1100 MeV. It is based on the modern partial-wave-analysis solution for NN-amplitudes. The three observables: differential cross section, vector analyzing power, and spin correlation coefficient -- were obtained at every energy. The results are compared with existing the experimental data.
The dynamics and the mechanisms of preequilibrium-light-particle formation in nucleus-nucleus collisions at low and intermediate energies are studied on the basis of a classical four-body model. The angular and energy distributions of light particles from such processes are calculated. It is found that, at energies below 50 MeV per nucleon, the hardest section of the energy spectrum is formed owing to the acceleration of light particles from the target by the mean field of the projectile nucleus. Good agreement with available experimental data is obtained.
Introduction Theory of electromagnetic excitation and dissociation (Inelastic scattering at high energies: one-photon exchange, semiclassical approach and Glauber theory; Higher order electromagnetic effects, small xi-approximation) Discussion of experimental results for nuclear structure Coulomb dissociation as a tool to measure radiative capture processes relevant to nuclear astrophysics Antihydrogen production and electromagnetic processes at relativistic heavy ion colliders Conclusions
The Lattice Gas Model was extended to incorporate the effect of radial flow. Contrary to popular belief, radial flow has little effect on the clusterization process in intermediate energy heavy-ion collisions except adding an ordered motion to the particles in the fragmentation source. We compared the results from the lattice gas model with and without radial flow to experimental data. We found that charge yields from central collisions are not significantly affected by inclusion of any reasonable radial flow.
We have developed a model for the N N --> N N pi pi reaction and evaluated cross sections for the different charged channels. The low energy part of those channels where the pions can be in an isospin zero state is dominated by N* excitation, driven by an isoscalar source followed by the decay N* --> N (pi pi, T=0, s-wave). At higher energies, and in channels where the pions are not in T=0, Delta excitation mechanisms become relevant.
Through the analysis of HELIOS-3 data on dilepton spectra, we demonstrate the importance of secondary processes for the dilepton production in heavy-ion collisions in the intermediate mass region. We find that, while the dilepton spectra in proton-induced reactions can be nicely explained by the decay of primary vector mesons, charmed hadrons, and initial Drell-Yan processes, the strong enhancement seen in the heavy-ion data comes mainly from the secondary meson-meson interactions which are unique to heavy-ion collisions.
Based on the isospin-dependent Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck transport model plus the Skyrme force parameters, initialization effect is studied in heavy-ion collision at intermediate energies. We find that there are moderate initialization effects in the observables of free neutron to proton ratio (n/p), pion-/pion + ratio, as well as neutron to proton differential flow (F^x_n-p). Effects of initialization are larger for charged pion-/pion ratios than n/p ratios. And the effects of initialization are more evident in nuclear reactions at lower incident beam energies. We do not see large effects o…
Obtaining cross sections for nuclear reactions at intermediate energies based on the Glauber formulation has a long tradition. Only recently the energy regime of a few hundred MeV has become accessible to ab-initio Faddeev calculations of three-body scattering. In order to go to higher energies, the Faddeev equation for three-body scattering is formulated and directly solved without employing a partial wave decomposition. In the simplest form the Faddeev equation for interacting scalar particles is a three-dimensional integral equation in five variables, from which the total cross section, the…
The nuclear cross sections for charged lepton production induced by $β$ beam neutrinos (anti-neutrinos) in $^{16}$O have been presented at intermediate energies corresponding to the Lorentz boost factor $γ<250 (150)$. The calculations for quasi-elastic lepton production includes the effect of Pauli blocking, Fermi motion and renormalization of weak transition strengths in the nuclear medium. The calculations for the inelastic lepton production is done in the $Δ$ dominance model. The renormalization of $Δ$ properties in a nuclear medium and final state interactions of pions with the final nucle…
We study the equilibration of isospin degree of freedom in intermediate energy heavy-ion collisions using an isospin-dependent BUU model. It is found that there exists a transition from the isospin equilibration at low energies to non-equilibration at high energies as the beam energy varies across the Fermi energy in central, asymmetric heavy-ion collisions. At beam energies around 55 MeV/nucleon, the composite system in thermal equilibrium but isospin non-equilibrium breaks up into two primary hot residues with N/Z ratios closely related to those of the target and projectile respectively. The…
